Patho 10,11,13,14,15 Flashcards

Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is

Velocity of blood flow is measured in

True or False: Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions.

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called

When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called

The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?

A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is

What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia?

A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they

Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?

TRUE/FALSE The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum

Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow?

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

Which causes vasoconstriction?

An increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen occurs with

TRUE/FALSE Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed before 1 year of age in patients with sickle cell anemia.

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both

The final step in clot formation is

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type
_____ hypersensitivity reaction.

group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person’s cells.
These proteins are called ________ proteins.

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates
generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium
levels. The most likely diagnosis is

The effects of histamine release include

Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease?

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing

A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is

TRUE/FALSE Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed before 1 year of age in patients with sickle
cell anemia.

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

What are the two specific immune cells

What are the Non-Specific immune cells

What are the two types of alterations in the immune function

Excessive Immune response

Deficient Immune response

What is autoimmunity?

What appears to increase the risk of autoimmune disorders?

Hypersensitivity describes...

True or False

Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity will eventually lead to inflammation.

Treatment for autoimmunity...

Treatment for Type 1 hypersensitivity include:

Malignant transformation of B-cell plasma cells

Myeloid lineage or Lymphoid lineage?

B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

Myeloid lineage or Lymphoid lineage?

Red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, granulocytes.

An example of neoplasms from the myeloid lineage include alterations in:

A. Granulocytes

B. B cells

C. T Cells

D. NKA cells

Classification of hematologic neoplasms categories based on...

What are the three most common manifestations of Leukemia?

Main typical symptoms of malignant disorders of white blood cells?

Main treatments for malignant disorders of white blood cells...

What type of leukemia:

-Adult
-Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+)
- bcr/abl
-High granulocyte count on the CBC
-does not respond well to chemotherapy

What type of leukemia:

-Abrupt onset

-Adults

-Poor prognosis

What type of leukemia:

-Most common, B cell precursors

-Bone Marrow infiltration: Reduces production of RBC/platlets

-Malignant lymphocytes invade lymphoid tissues and bone marrow-disrupt function

-asymptomatic, Usually found by accident in routine blood examination.

-5% associated with more aggressive T cells.

What type of leukemia:

-Primarily in children

-Better prognosis in children than adults

Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkin?

B cells/ EB virus/ 20-40ys male/ Contiguous lymphatic pathways/ Cervical nodes/ single node or localized node chain/ 85% 5 yr survival rate

Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkin?

B, T and NK cells/ Burkitt lymphoma, Epstein Barr virus and HIV/ Older male/ Non-predicatable growth/ 50% 5-year survival rate

Associated with Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkins or Non Hodgkins?

In Hodgkins, where is the most common site for lymph node enlargement?

In Non-Hodgkins what are two serious oncological emergencies that can occur

-Most numerous

-4.2-6.2 million cells/mm3

-Buffer blood Ph-Carbonic anhydrase

Where is erythropoeitin (EPO) made?

Nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis

What is anemia?

What is polycythemia?

Absorption of B12 in the small intestine requires _______ _______, which is produced by the ______ ______ __ __ ________.

Intestinal bacteria convert conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen; execreted primarily in the stool but also in the urine is apart of what?

What are the compensatory mechanisms to restore tissue oxygenation?

Low oxygen-carying capacity leads to...

Stem cell disorder characterized by the reductio of hematopoietic tissue, fatty marrow replacement, and pancytopenia.

Low RBC, WBC, and platelets

How do you diagnosis aplastic anemia?

Treatment for aplastic anemia

Failure of the renal endocrine function impairs erythropoietin production and bone marrow compensation.

Treatment for anemia of chronic renal failure

Disruption in DNA synthesis of blast cells produces megaloblasts (macrocytic).

Due to lack of intrisic factors leading to vitamin B12 deficiency

Clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia

Most common nutritional deficiency in the world.

In which anemia does serum ferritin level decrease

serum iron level decreased,

total iron binding capacity (TIBC) increased.

-microcytic

True or false;

Does iron deficiency cause Pica?

Treatment for iron deficiency anemia

Increased RBC destruction (hemolysis) resulting in decreased RBC survival rates.

microcytic

In Thalassemia,

associated with the mutant gene that suppresses the rate of globin chain synthesis

term meaning: red blood cell size is smaller than the normal range

Genetically determined defect of hemoglobin synthesis resulting in hemoglobin instability and insolubility.

Sickle cell anemia causes...

In what race is sickle cell almost exclusively in?

what cures sickle cell anemia

Maternal antibodies against Rh+ antigen on fetal RBC not inherited from mother causes...

from Rh incompatibility

What is the treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn>

Initial response to a vascular injury involving the interaction between platelets and the endothelium of the injured vessel is....

Involves the formation of a fibrin clot through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways; coagulation

clot retraction

What is fibrinolysis?

When does fibrinolysis occur?

What is the process of fibrinolysis?

What are critical for hemostasis?

How do we evaluate primary and secondary hemostasis?

In evaluating primary and secondary hemostasis, what does D-dimer reflect?

Caused by:Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy; recent immunizations; alcohol ingestion

What is thrombocytopenia

What is the most common coagulation disorder?

In laboratory test for the evaluation of primary and secondary hemostasis what foes PT/INR asses?

What results from hemophilia?

Hemophilia is inherited by....

Hemophilia A is...

Hemophilia B is...

In hemophilia what is hallmark?

Autosomal dominant (equally make and female populaiton) caused by excessive bleeding.

What are the causes of excessive bleeding in Von Willebrand Disease?

Acquired hemorrhagic syndrome in which clotting and bleeding occur simultaneouslt

Causes of DIC

What happens to fibrinogen levels and platelet count in DIC

Does bleeding time increase or decrease in DIC?

What happens to PT/INR/aPTT in DIC?

What happens to D-dimer/fibrin split products in DIC?

Treatment for DIC?

What is the treatment for hepatic disease?

A stationary blood clot formed within a vessel or a chamber of the heart

Treatment for thrombus

In a blood vessel obstruction, the arterial system obstruction manifests as...

in a blood vessel obstruction, the venous system obstruction manifests as...

An obstruction that results in reduced flow beyond the obstruction is....

An obstruction that results in increased pressure before the obstruction

A traveling clot is a ....

An embolus leaving L ventricle is

An embolus leaving R ventricle

Hardening and narrowing in medium and large-sized arteries

In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

________ breach intimal layer; leukocytes and endothelial cells oxidize the lipids producing further damage.

In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

Process______ to the arterial intima, initiating an inflammatory response and an increase in the vessel wall permeability.

In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

__________ normally confined to the other tunicas, drawn to the intima where they proliferate (hardening)

In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

Excess lipid and debris accumulate within vessel wall and coalesce into lipid core.

In Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis, macrophages engulf the

Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis, can lead to...

what are nonmodifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis?

what are modifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis?

Extreme vasoconstriction producing cessation of flow to fingers and toes.

Localized arterial dilations, bulge otward

Clinical manifestation of aneurysms

Classical signs of acute arterial occlusion (6P'S)

Treatment for acute arterial occlusion