Print PCB 3036 Chrom Trans Ch 3 Connect Assignment flashcards

PCB 3036 Chrom Trans Ch 3 Connect Assignment

front 1 Chromosomes are best defined as ______.	back 1 the structures within living cells that contain the genetic material
front 2 Which of the following are the major components of a chromosome?	back 2 Proteins DNA
front 3 What is chromatin?	back 3 A complex between DNA and proteins that is found in eukaryotic cells
front 4 Which term best describes organisms whose chromosomes are not contained within a membrane-bound nucleus?	back 4 prokaryotes

front 5 The ____ of a prokaryotic cell is the region of cytoplasm that contains the chromosome.	back 5 Nucloeid
front 6 The structures within all living cells that contain the genetic material are called	back 6 chromosomes
front 7 A chromosome contains a very long segment of ____, which is bound to ____ that provide structure.	back 7 DNA proteins, polypeptides, or histones
front 8 This diagram depicts a bacterial cell. Match the letter to the correct structure.	back 8 A Outer membrane B Cell wall C Cell membrane D Nucleoid E Ribosome F Flagellum

front 9 What is the name for the diffuse complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?	back 9 chromatin
front 10 Which of the following are eukaryotes? Multiple select question. Protists Fungi Archaea Plants Bacteria	back 10 Protists Fungi Plants
front 11 Prokaryotes, which include the ____ and the ____ , are organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus.	back 11 bacteria archaea
front 12 Prokaryotes usually have a single type of circular chromosome in a region of the cytoplasm called the ______.	back 12 nucleoid

front 13 This diagram depicts a eukaryotic cell. Match the letter to the correct structure.	back 13 A Mitochondrion B Centriole C Lysosome D Golgi body E Nucleolus F Endoplasmic reticulum
front 14 In eukaryotes, ____ are membrane-bound structures that have specific functions.	back 14 organelles
front 15 Select all that apply In this figure of a bacterial cell, which of the following labels are correctly matched with their appropriate structures? C = Plasma (inner) membrane F = Cilium E = Ribosome B = Outer membrane A = Cell wall D = Nucleus	back 15 C = Plasma (inner) membrane E = Ribosome
front 16 Which of the following best describes the nucleus? An organelle of prokaryotes that is surrounded by a single membrane. An organelle of eukaryotes that is surrounded by a single membrane. An organelle of prokaryotes that is surrounded by two membranes. An organelle of eukaryotes that is surrounded by two membranes.	back 16 An organelle of eukaryotes that is surrounded by two membranes.

front 17 Organisms, such as protists and fungi, that have a true nucleus are called ____.	back 17 eukaryotes
front 18 Select all that apply Which of the following organelles contain their own DNA? Multiple select question. Mitochondria Lysosomes Golgi bodies Chloroplasts	back 18 Mitochondria Chloroplasts
front 19 What is cytogenetics?	back 19 The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes.
front 20 Select all that apply In this figure of a eukaryotic cell, which of the following labels are correctly matched with their appropriate structures? Multiple select question. C = Lysosome B = Centriole F = Golgi body A = Mitochondrion E = Ribosome D = Endoplasmic reticulum	back 20 C = Lysosome B = Centriole A = Mitochondrion

front 21 True or false: Each species has a particular chromosome composition.	back 21 True
front 22 An organelle is ______. Multiple choice question. a structure within the cytoplasm with a specific function the DNA-containing structure of an organ system a complex found in the cell membrane of a cell and which facilitates nutrient transport	back 22 a structure within the cytoplasm with a specific function
front 23 The procedure for making a karyotype includes all of the following steps except ______. Multiple choice question. sequencing the DNA centrifugation to concentrate the cells in a pellet treatment with chemicals that bind to the chromosomes and stain them treatment with chemicals that stimulate cell division treatment of the cells with a hypotonic solution	back 23 sequencing the DNA
front 24 The ____ of a eukaryote is the organelle that contains most of the genetic material found in the cell.	back 24 Nucleus

front 25 In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotic organelles called the ____ and the ____ contain a small amount of their own DNA.	back 25 mitochondrion or mitochondria chloroplasts or chloroplast
front 26 The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes is called ____.	back 26 cytogenetics
front 27 Which is the best definition of a karyotype?	back 27 An organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell
front 28 In general, the chromosome number of a particular species ______.	back 28 is the same for all individuals of the species

front 29 The following are steps used in the procedure for making a karyotype. Arrange them in order, starting with the first step at the top.	back 29 Answer in the picture
front 30 Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is true? Multiple choice question. Most eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle. All eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle. Few eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle.	back 30 Most eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle.
front 31 An organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell is called a(n)	back 31 karyotype
front 32 A diploid cell is defined as a cell that has ______. two sets of chromosomes two pairs of chromosomes two chromatids for each chromosome two nuclear membranes	back 32 two sets of chromosomes

front 33 True or false: Each species has a particular chromosome composition.	back 33 True
front 34 Insert a number into the blank: Most human somatic cells contain a total of ____ chromosomes.	back 34 46
front 35 The procedure for making a karyotype includes all of the following steps except ______. Multiple choice question. treatment of the cells with a hypotonic solution sequencing the DNA treatment with chemicals that bind to the chromosomes and stain them treatment with chemicals that stimulate cell division centrifugation to concentrate the cells in a pellet	back 35 nucleus
front 36 In a diploid cell, each member of a pair of chromosomes is called a(n) ______.	back 36 homolog

front 37 True or false: Most eukaryotic species are haploid or have such a phase as a significant part of their life cycle.	back 37 False
front 38 In a ______ cell, each type of chromosome is a member of a pair.	back 38 diploid
front 39 The two members of a homologous pair of chromosomes may carry different versions of a given gene, which are called ____.	back 39 allele
front 40 A normal human somatic cell carries ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ______.	back 40 23; 46

front 41 The position of a gene on a chromosome, such as gene A in the image, is called its ______. homolog allele locus centromere	back 41 locus
front 42 Unicellular prokaryotic organisms proliferate by ____ reproduction, in which a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells.	back 42 asexual
front 43 Each type of chromosome in a diploid cell is found in a homologous pair. Each chromosome in such a pair is referred to as a(n) ____.	back 43 homolog
front 44 This figure shows a bacterium reproducing asexually by a process known as ____ .	back 44 binary fission

front 45 Eukaryotic cells that are destined to divide progress through G₁, S, G₂, and M phases, which are collectively known as the ____ ____ .	back 45 cell cycle
front 46 ______ are different versions of the same gene. Loci Homologs Haplotypes Alleles	back 46 alleles
front 47 Select all that apply Which of the following are part of interphase? Multiple select question. Cytokinesis M G₁ G₂ S	back 47 G₁ G₂ S
front 48 A(n) refers to the physical location of a gene.	back 48 locus or loci

front 49 Which of the following best describes asexual reproduction? Multiple choice question. A mother cell divides to produce four unique daughter cells A mother cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell	back 49 A mother cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells
front 50 A cell, such as most nerve cells in an adult mammal that will never divide again, is in the ______ phase. G₁ S G₀ G₂	back 50 G₀
front 51 Most bacterial cells divide by ______. mitosis binary fission budding fragmentation	back 51 binary fission
front 52 The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of ______ phases called ______. four; G₀, G₁, G₂, and S three; G₁, G₂, and S three; G₁, G₂, and M four; G₁, G₂, S, and M	back 52 four; G₁, G₂, S, and M

front 53 In actively dividing cells, the G₁, S, and G₂ phases are collectively known as ____.	back 53 interphase
front 54 The following is a diagram of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Match the letter to the appropriate phase.	back 54 A G1 phase B S phase C G2 phase D Interphase E M phase
front 55 Late in the G₁ phase, many cell types become committed to progress through the rest of the cell cycle. When this occurs, the cell has reached a(n) ____ ____ .	back 55 restriction point
front 56 Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is considered a "resting" stage, where cells can remain permanently, or for long periods of time? G₂ M G₀ S G₁	back 56 G₀

front 57 The two copies of a replicated chromosome are called ______. Multiple choice question. centrosomes alleles homologous chromosomes sister chromatids	back 57 sister chromatids
front 58 A pair of sister chromatids is also called a ______. Multiple choice question. monad tetrad dyad diplomonad	back 58 dyad
front 59 This figure depicts the cell cycle in eukaryotes, including the M phase. Match the letter to the appropriate phase.	back 59 I Prophase II Prometaphase III Metaphase IV Anaphase V Telophase VI Cytokinesis
front 60 The two chromatids of a chromosome are joined together at a region of DNA called the ____.	back 60 centromere

front 61 In mitosis, the restriction point is ______. Multiple choice question. the time in the G₁ phase at which the cell becomes “committed” to the cell cycle the time in the G₂ phase at which the cell becomes “committed” to condense its chromosomes the site where the cleavage furrow forms to divide the cell into two daughter cells the site where the two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach to each other	back 61 the time in the G₁ phase at which the cell becomes “committed” to the cell cycle
front 62 The ____ is a protein-complex that is bound to the centromere, and which plays a key role in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.	back 62 kinetochore
front 63 After replication, each chromosome consists of two copies called ____.	back 63 chromatids, monads, chromatid, monad, sister chromatids, or sister chromatid
front 64 This diagram shows a pair of ____ ____.	back 64 sister chromatids

front 65 A monad can be described as ______. Multiple choice question. one pole of a dividing cell one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule a set of chromosomes an unreplicated chromosome	back 65 an unreplicated chromosome
front 66 Insert a number into the blank: A human cell in the G₂ phase has a total of ____ chromatids.	back 66 92
front 67 Fill in the blank question. The meaning of the term chromosome can differ depending on the stage of the cell cycle we are observing. During ____ phase of interphase and early stages of M phase, a chromosome refers to a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad). However, at the end of M phase and during ____ phase of interphase, a chromosome refers to a monad which contains the equivalent of one chromatid.	back 67 G₂; G₁
front 68 The centromere is a ______. region of DNA that serves as an origin of replication complex of proteins that forms at the site of cell division region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids join complex of proteins that helps in replicating DNA	back 68 region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids join

front 69 After a mitotic division is complete, a daughter cell has 40 chromosomes. Which of the following best describes the chromosome composition of the mother cell in the G₂ phase? Multiple choice question. 40 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids 40 chromosomes, each consisting of one chromatid 80 chromosomes, each consisting of one chromatid 80 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids	back 69 40 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids
front 70 The kinetochore serves which of the following functions? Multiple choice question. It aids in chromosome sorting during mitosis. It helps in the replication of DNA. It regulates the length of the cell cycle. It forms the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.	back 70 It aids in chromosome sorting during mitosis.
front 71 The mitotic spindle apparatus is involved in the ______. Multiple choice question. replication of chromosomes during S phase movement of organelles to opposite cell poles division of the cell during cytokinesis organization and sorting of chromosomes	back 71 organization and sorting of chromosomes
front 72 The box in this karyotype highlights which of the following? Multiple choice question. A pair of non-sister chromatids A pair of non-homologous chromosomes A pair of homologous chromosomes A pair of sister chromatids	back 72 A pair of homologous chromosomes

front 73 When S phase is completed, a cell has _______ in the G₁ phase. Multiple choice question. twice as many chromatids as chromosomes as many chromatids as chromosomes twice as many chromosomes as chromatids four times as much DNA as	back 73 twice as many chromatids as chromosomes
front 74 What is a spindle pole? Multiple choice question. The site in an animal cell where the cleavage furrow forms The site in a plant cell where the cell plate forms The position in a plant cell where a centrosome is located The position in an animal cell where a centrosome is located	back 74 The position in an animal cell where a centrosome is located
front 75 The term that can refer to either a dyad (pair of sister chromatids) or a monad (single chromatid) is a(n) ____.	back 75 chromosome
front 76 Each centrosome of an animal cell contains a pair of ____ at right angles to each other.	back 76 centrioles

front 77 The primary purpose of mitosis is to ______. Multiple choice question. ensure proper replication of the genetic material during the S phase of the cell cycle distribute the replicated chromosomes equally into the two daughter cells enhance the genetic diversity of a species via crossing-over between chromosomes	back 77 distribute the replicated chromosomes equally into the two daughter cells
front 78 True or false: Centrosomes and centrioles are found only in plant cells.	back 78 False
front 79 The microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules grow to form the ______. centromere sister chromatid kinetochore spindle apparatus	back 79 spindle apparatus
front 80 Click and drag on elements in order Rank the phases of mitosis in order, starting with the earliest at the top. Telophase Prometaphase Prophase Anaphase Metaphase	back 80 Answer in the picture

front 81 This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of six chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division? Anaphase of mitosis Anaphase II of meiosis Metaphase II of meiosis Metaphase of mitosis Anaphase I of meiosis	back 81 Anaphase of mitosis
front 82 In animals cells, each centrosome is located at a(n) ____ _____.	back 82 spindle pole
front 83 During prophase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles and the nucleolus becomes less visible. Furthermore, the two ____ move apart from each other and the mitotic ____ begins to form.	back 83 centrosomes; spindles
front 84 The two microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) that form the mitotic spindle of animal cells are called ______. Multiple choice question. centrioles centromeres centrosomes centrophores	back 84 centrosomes

front 85 During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell. Multiple choice question. prometaphase cytokinesis metaphase anaphase prophase	back 85 prometaphase
front 86 Which of the following statements about centrosomes and centrioles is true? Multiple choice question. They are found only in plant cells They are found only in animal cells They are found in both animal and plant cells They are found in all cells They are found only in bacterial cells	back 86 They are found only in animal cells
front 87 Which of the following represents the sequence of phases during mitosis? Multiple choice question. Prophase — prometaphase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase Prometaphase — prophase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase Prophase — prometaphase — metaphase — telophase — anaphase Prometaphase — prophase — metaphase — telophase — anaphase Metaphase — prometaphase — prophase — anaphase — telophase	back 87 Prophase — prometaphase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase
front 88 Consider a diploid cell that is 2n = 6. This diagram shows the cell in which phase of cell division? Multiple choice question. Prophase II of meiosis Prophase of mitosis Interphase of the cell cycle Prophase I of meiosis Metaphase of mitosis	back 88 Prophase of mitosis

front 89 During ____ of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plate, or the center of the cell.	back 89 metaphase
front 90 Select all that apply Select all of the following events that occur during prophase. Multiple select question. The chromatids become condensed. The nuclear membrane begins to dissociate into small vesicles The mitotic spindle begins to form. The nucleolus becomes less visible. The two centrosomes are replicated.	back 90 The chromatids become condensed. The nuclear membrane begins to dissociate into small vesicles The mitotic spindle begins to form. The nucleolus becomes less visible.
front 91 All of the following events occur during prometaphase except ______. Multiple choice question. the chromosomes become visible with the light microscope the spindle fibers “capture” chromosomes the mitotic spindle is completely formed the nuclear envelope completely breaks down	back 91 the chromosomes become visible with the light microscope
front 92 Which of the following events occurs during anaphase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. The mitotic spindle begins to break down Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles Chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense	back 92 Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles

front 93 Which of the following events occurs during metaphase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. The mitotic spindle is completely formed Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles The spindle fibers “capture” chromosomes	back 93 Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row
front 94 During prophase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles and the nucleolus becomes less visible. Furthermore, the two ____ move apart from each other and the mitotic _____ begins to form.	back 94 centrosomes; spindles
front 95 During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell. Multiple choice question. prometaphase metaphase anaphase prophase cytokinesis	back 95 prometaphase
front 96 All of the following events occur during telophase except that the ______. Multiple choice question. chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other nuclear membrane reforms to produce two separate nuclei nucleolus or nucleoli become visible	back 96 pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other

front 97 In plant cell cytokinesis, the two daughter cells are separated by the formation of a ______ made from the fusion of ______ vesicles carrying cell wall materials. Multiple choice question. cleavage furrow ; ER-derived cell plate ; Golgi-derived cell plate ; ER-derived cleavage furrow ; Golgi-derived	back 97 cell plate ; Golgi-derived
front 98 During anaphase, the chromosomes move toward the pole to which they are attached. This movement is caused by the shortening of the ______. Multiple choice question. aster microtubules sister chromatids metaphase plate kinetochore microtubules	back 98 kinetochore microtubules
front 99 In this diagram, the arrow points to the ____ ____.	back 99 cleavage furrow
front 100 If the original diploid mother cell had eight chromosomes, a cell in telophase of mitosis would have ______ nuclei, each with ______ chromosomes. Multiple choice question. two; eight four; eight two; four four; four	back 100 two; eight

front 101 Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis and cytokinesis in human somatic cells? Multiple choice question. 1n → 2n 2n → 2n 2n → 1n 1n → 1n	back 101 2n → 2n
front 102 In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of a ______ composed of ______ filaments. Multiple choice question. cleavage furrow; actin cell plate; actin cleavage furrow; tubulin cell plate; tubulin	back 102 cleavage furrow; actin
front 103 This micrograph shows a plant cell undergoing the process of ____ which occurs via the formation of a ____ ____ between the two daughter cells.	back 103 cytokinesis; cell plate
front 104 Eukaryotic cells that are diploid can divide by ______ to produce haploid sex cells.	back 104 meiosis

front 105 Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of ______. Multiple choice question. four genetically identical daughter cells two genetically identical daughter cells two daughter cells that are genetically different from each other four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other	back 105 two genetically identical daughter cells
front 106 What does a haploid cell contain? Multiple choice question. A single chromatid for each chromosome A single pair of chromosomes A single set of chromosomes A single nuclear membrane	back 106 A single set of chromosomes
front 107 In plant cell cytokinesis, the two daughter cells are separated by the formation of a ______ made from the fusion of ______ vesicles carrying cell wall materials. Multiple choice question. cleavage furrow ; Golgi-derived cleavage furrow ; ER-derived cell plate ; Golgi-derived cell plate ; ER-derived	back 107 cell plate ; Golgi-derived
front 108 Which of the following represents the correct order of stages of meiotic prophase I? Multiple choice question. Zygotene, diplotene, leptotene, diakinesis, pachytene Zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis, pachytene, leptotene Leptotene, pachytene, zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diakinesis, diplotene	back 108 Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

front 109 In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes begin to condense and become visible with a light microscope during which stage? Multiple choice question. Diplotene Pachytene Zygotene Leptotene Diakinesis	back 109 Leptotene
front 110 In prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves during what stage? Multiple choice question. Leptotene Zygotene Diplotene Diakinesis Pachytene	back 110 Zygotene
front 111 In eukaryotes, ______ is the type of cell division that is responsible for the production of gametes. Multiple choice question. mitosis meiosis binary fission	back 111 meiosis
front 112 During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recognize and begin to align with each other via a process called ____.	back 112 synapsis

front 113 A(n) ______ cell has a single set of chromosomes. Multiple choice question. triploid tetraploid diploid haploid	back 113 A(n) ______ cell has a single set of chromosomes. Multiple choice question. triploid tetraploid diploid haploid
front 114 A pair of homologous chromosomes is shown here. Which of the following combinations show correct matches? Multiple choice question. A = synaptonemal complex ; B = chiasma A = cleavage furrow ; B = chiasma A = chiasma ; B = synaptonemal complex A = synaptonemal complex ; B = cleavage furrow A = cleavage furrow ; B = synaptonemal complex	back 114 A = synaptonemal complex ; B = chiasma
front 115 Click and drag on elements in order Arrange the stages of prophase I of meiosis in order, starting with the earliest phase at the top. Leptotene Diplotene Pachytene Diakinesis Zygotene	back 115 Answer in the picture
front 116 Synapsis is complete and crossing over occurs during which stage of prophase I of meiosis? Multiple choice question. Zygotene Diakinesis Leptotene Pachytene Diplotene	back 116 Pachytene

front 117 During the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the replicated chromosomes can be visualized by light microscopy.	back 117 leptotone
front 118 A bivalent, or tetrad, consists of ______. Multiple choice question. two pairs of sister chromatids two non-homologous chromosomes a sister chromatid and a non-sister chromatid two chromatids of a replicated chromosome	back 118 two pairs of sister chromatids
front 119 Fill in the Blank Question The process of synapsis begins in the ____ stage of prophase I of meiosis.	back 119 zygotene or zygonema
front 120 Synapsis is the process by which ______. Multiple choice question. tubulin filaments polymerize to form the spindle apparatus that separates the chromosomes during cell division. chromosomes are replicated in the S phase of the cell cycle, prior to either mitosis or meiosis. homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves in prophase I. actin filaments polymerize to produce the cleavage furrow that divides the two animal daughter cells.	back 120 homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves in prophase I.

front 121 The interchange of corresponding chromatid segments of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called ______ ______. Multiple choice question. assortment segregation mutation crossing over	back 121 crossing over
front 122 In this figure label A points to the ____ ____ while label B shows the ____, which is the connection that results from a crossing over.	back 122 synaptonemal complex; chiasma
front 123 During the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the homologous chromosomes have become completely aligned and crossing over occurs.	back 123 pachytene
front 124 Experiments in recent years have demonstrated the importance of ____ ____ for the normal segregation of chromosomes. For example, lack of this process has been associated with the presence of the extra chromosome 21 in a high percentage of individuals with Down syndrome.	back 124 crossing, cross, or recombination over

front 125 A bivalent is also called a ____, because it is composed of four chromatids.	back 125 tetrad
front 126 The structure that is formed during crossing over is called a(n) ____, because it looks like the Greek letter chi, χ.	back 126 chiasma or chiasmata
front 127 In meiosis, crossing over refers to the physical exchange of pieces between ______ chromatids of ______ chromosomes. Multiple choice question. non-sister; non-homologous non-sister; homologous sister; homologous sister; non-homologous	back 127 non-sister; homologous
front 128 The diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I is characterized by the ______. Multiple choice question. formation of the synaptonemal complex dissociation of the synaptonemal complex duplication of chromosomes to form chromatids decondensation of chromosomes to form chromatin	back 128 dissociation of the synaptonemal complex

front 129 During Blank______ of meiosis, the spindle apparatus is complete and the chromatids are attached via kinetochore microtubules. prometaphase I prophase II telophase I anaphase II	back 129 prometaphase I
front 130 Defects in crossing-over appear to cause abnormalities in ______. Multiple choice question. chromosome segregation chromosome replication division of the cytoplasm division of the nucleus	back 130 chromosome segregation
front 131 In ______ of meiosis, the bivalents (which are also termed tetrads) are aligned along the center of the cell. Multiple choice question. anaphase II metaphase II metaphase I prophase I prophase II anaphase I	back 131 metaphase I
front 132 In humans, how many different, random chromosome alignments are possible during metaphase I of meiosis? Multiple choice question. 2²² 2²³ 2⁴⁶ 2⁴⁵	back 132 2²³

front 133 Chiasmata refers to ______. Multiple choice question. the cleavage furrow that forms during cytokinesis the connections that result from crossing-over protein complexes that help in chromosome replication a stage in prophase I of meiosis	back 133 the connections that result from crossing-over
front 134 During metaphase I of meiosis, one pair of chromatids in a bivalent (but not both) is attached to a ______. Therefore, each pair of sister chromatids is attached to only one pole. Multiple choice question. metaphase plate kinetochore microtubule nucleolus telomere centrosome polar microtubule	back 134 kinetochore microtubule
front 135 The synaptonemal complex dissociates during the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, and it completely disappears by the ____ stage.	back 135 diplotene; diakinesis
front 136 Which of the following statements about synapsis and crossing over is true? Multiple choice question. Both synapsis and crossing over occur in prophase I of meiosis Synapsis occurs in prophase I and crossing over occurs in prometaphase I of meiosis Both synapsis and crossing over occur in prometaphase I of meiosis Synapsis occurs in prometaphase I and crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis	back 136 Both synapsis and crossing over occur in prophase I of meiosis

front 137 During which of the following phases are tetrads organized along a plate in the center of the cell? Multiple choice question. Metaphase of meiosis I Prophase of meiosis I Prophase of meiosis II Metaphase of meiosis II Metaphase of mitosis	back 137 Metaphase of meiosis I
front 138 This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of six chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division? Multiple choice question. Anaphase of mitosis Metaphase II of meiosis Anaphase II of meiosis Metaphase of mitosis Anaphase I of meiosis	back 138 Anaphase II of meiosis
front 139 The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has four pairs of chromosomes. How many different, random chromosome alignments are possible during metaphase I of meiosis? Multiple choice question. 4 16 8 32	back 139 16
front 140 The stage of meiosis I is characterized by the separation of the two pairs of sister chromatids within a bivalent from each other and their migration to opposite poles of the cell.	back 140 anaphase

front 141 Which of the following best describes how chromosomes are attached to microtubules during metaphase I of meiosis? Multiple choice question. A pair of sister chromatids is linked to both poles Each member of a homologous pair of chromosomes is linked to both poles One pair of sister chromatids is linked to one pole, and the homologous pair is linked to the other	back 141 One pair of sister chromatids is linked to one pole, and the homologous pair is linked to the other
front 142 Which of the following best describes the outcome of meiosis I in humans? Multiple choice question. 1n → 2n 1n → 1n 2n → 2n 2n → 1n	back 142 2n → 1n
front 143 Select all that apply Select all of these that are events of telophase I of meiosis. Multiple select question. Chromosomes condense in most species Homologues have reached their respective poles Homologues are aligned at the center of the cell The nuclear membrane breaks down in most species The nuclear membrane reforms in most species	back 143 Homologues have reached their respective poles The nuclear membrane reforms in most species
front 144 During ____ of meiosis, the spindle apparatus is complete and the chromatids are attached via kinetochore microtubules. Multiple choice question. anaphase II prophase II telophase I prometaphase I	back 144 prometaphase I

front 145 Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes. At the start of meiosis II, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids. Multiple choice question. six; six three; three three; six six; three	back 145 three; six
front 146 Consider a diploid cell with 2n = 6. This cell is shown in which phase of cell division? Multiple choice question. Anaphase II of meiosis Metaphase II of meiosis Metaphase of mitosis Anaphase I of meiosis Anaphase of mitosis	back 146 Anaphase I of meiosis
front 147 All of the following occur in mitosis except ______. Multiple choice question. chromosomes align on the metaphase plate of the cell kinetochores begin attaching to spindle fibers sister chromatids separate, and move to opposite poles chromosomes condense, and nuclear envelope breaks down pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs	back 147 pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs
front 148 Which of the following best describes the events of anaphase I of meiosis? Multiple choice question. The two pairs of sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. The sister chromatids of each chromosome migrate to opposite poles. The two pairs of sister chromatids migrate to the same pole.	back 148 The two pairs of sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

front 149 Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two ______ in the process of ______. Multiple choice question. gametes ; fertilization gametes ; gametogenesis somatic cells ; fertilization somatic cells ; gametogenesis	back 149 gametes ; fertilization
front 150 Consider an organism that has four pairs of chromosomes. At the end of meiosis I, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids. Multiple choice question. two; four four; four eight; eight four; eight	back 150 four; eight
front 151 Gametes, or sex cells, are produced by a process called ____.	back 151 gametogenesis or meiosis
front 152 During ______ of meiosis, the pairs of sister chromatids (or dyads) reach the opposite poles of the cell, where in most cases, they decondense. Multiple choice question. prophase II telophase I anaphase I metaphase II metaphase I	back 152 telophase I

front 153 In humans, a diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, for a total of ____ chromosomes. In contrast, a gamete (sperm or egg cell) contains only a single set, consisting of ____ chromosomes.	back 153 46; 23
front 154 Which of the following best describes the starting material found in each cell entering meiosis II in humans? Multiple choice question. 46 dyads 23 dyads 23 monads 23 bivalents 46 monads	back 154 23 dyads
front 155 Which of the following statements about mitosis and meiosis of humans is true? Multiple choice question. Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells. Mitosis produces four haploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells. Mitosis produces two haploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four diploid daughter cells. Mitosis produces four diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces two haploid daughter cells.	back 155 Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells.
front 156 Species that produce two morphologically different types of sex cells are said to be ______. Multiple choice question. heterozygotes heteroploids heterogeneous heterogamous	back 156 heterogamous

front 157 What process involves the fusion of gametes in fertilization to produce a new organism? Multiple choice question. Asexual reproduction Meiosis Binary fission Sexual reproduction Mitosis	back 157 Sexual reproduction
front 158 Which of the following best describes the male and female gametes of animals? Multiple choice question. Female gametes tend to be smaller and less mobile than male gametes Male gametes tend to be smaller and more mobile than female gametes Female gametes tend to be smaller and more mobile than male gametes Male gametes tend to be smaller and less mobile than female gametes	back 158 Male gametes tend to be smaller and more mobile than female gametes
front 159 True or false: Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes fuse to produce a new individual.	back 159 False
front 160 Male animals produce mature sperm by a process called	back 160 spermatogenesis or gametogenesis

front 161 A haploid cell is represented by 1n and a diploid cell by 2n. The n refers to ______. Multiple choice question. the number chromosomes in a cell the number of genes in a cell a set of chromosomes the amount of DNA in a cell	back 161 a set of chromosomes
front 162 In the testes, a spermatogonial cell divides by ____ to produce two cells, one of which remains a spermatogonial cell, while the other cell becomes a ____ ____.	back 162 mitosis primary spermatocyte
front 163 Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes. At the start of meiosis II, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids. Multiple choice question. six; six six; three three; three three; six	back 163 three; six
front 164 Click and drag on elements in order Place these cells in the correct order in which they are involved in spermatogenesis, starting with the earliest at the top. Spermatids Sperm cells Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes	back 164 Answer in the picture

front 165 Most eukaryotic species are ____, which means they produce two gametes with different morphologies.	back 165 heterogamous
front 166 Fill in the Blank Question The ____ is an organelle at the tip of a sperm which contains digestive enzymes used to penetrate the egg's outer layers.	back 166 acrosome
front 167 Fill in the Blank Question In animals, male gametes are called ____ cells, while the female gamete is called an egg cell or ____.	back 167 sperm, spermatozoa, sperm cells, or sperms ovum, oocyte, oocytes, ovule, or ova
front 168 The primary oocytes of a human female are formed ______, but are arrested in ______. Multiple choice question. before birth; prophase I of meiosis before birth; prophase II of meiosis at puberty; prophase I of meiosis at puberty; prophase II of meiosis	back 168 before birth; prophase I of meiosis

front 169 Spermatogenesis takes place in the ______. Multiple choice question. testes prostate gland penis seminal vesicles	back 169 testes
front 170 The earliest precursors to sperm cells are called ______ cells. Multiple choice question. spermatozoa spermatogonial spermatid spermatocyte	back 170 spermatogonial
front 171 Oogenesis takes place in the ______. Multiple choice question. ovaries vagina Fallopian tubes uterus	back 171 ovaries
front 172 How many haploid cells are produced from one primary spermatocyte in the process of spermatogenesis? Multiple choice question. Two One Eight Four	back 172 Four

front 173 What is the role of the acrosome of a sperm? Multiple choice question. It encloses numerous mitochondria that provide the energy required for the sperm to function. It contains the haploid nucleus that will fuse with the haploid egg's nucleus to form the diploid zygote. It contains digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg's outer protective layers. It anchors the long flagellum that enables the mature sperm to travel and reach the egg to fertilize it.	back 173 It contains digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg's outer protective layers.
front 174 In human females, the ____ ____ are produced before birth. However, they enter a dormant stage at prophase of meiosis I, and remain there until the female becomes sexually mature.	back 174 primary oocyte
front 175 Which two cells are produced by meiosis I in females? Multiple choice question. a larger primary oocyte and a smaller polar body a larger primary oocyte and a smaller secondary oocyte a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller primary oocyte a smaller secondary oocyte and a larger polar body a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body	back 175 a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body
front 176 During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II. Multiple choice question. primary oocyte oogonium secondary oocyte zygote	back 176 secondary oocyte

front 177 Female animals produce egg cells by a process called ____.	back 177 oogenesis, gametogenesis, or meiosis
front 178 Which of the following statements about the life cycle of plants is true? Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce diploid cells, which divide by meiosis to produce a gametophyte. Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, which divide by mitosis to produce a gametophyte. Certain cells in the gametophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, which divide by mitosis to produce a gametophyte. Certain cells in the gametophyte undergo mitosis to produce diploid cells, which divide by meiosis to produce a gametophyte.	back 178 Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, which divide by mitosis to produce a gametophyte.
front 179 In human oogenesis, the first meiotic division is asymmetrical and produces a secondary oocyte and a much smaller cell, known as a(n) ____ ____.	back 179 polar body
front 180 True or false: The gametophyte of flowering plants tends to be large, while that of mosses is typically small.	back 180 False

front 181 In human females, the egg cell that is fertilized is called the ______. Multiple choice question. secondary oocyte follicle oogonium primary oocyte	back 181 secondary oocyte
front 182 Oogenesis takes place in the ______. Multiple choice question. Fallopian tubes uterus ovaries vagina	back 182 ovaries
front 183 Which of the following statements about the life cycle of flowering plants is true? Multiple choice question. The ovaries of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the anthers of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte. The ovaries of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the anthers of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte. The anthers of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the ovaries of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte. The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.	back 183 The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.
front 184 In flowering plants, the male gametophyte with a thick cell wall is called the ____ ____.	back 184 pollen grains

front 185 The life cycles of plant species alternate between haploid and diploid generations. The haploid generation is called the ____, whereas the diploid generation is called the ____.	back 185 gametophyte sporophyte
front 186 In flowering plants, the female gametophytes are formed within structures called ____, which are found in the ovaries.	back 186 ovules
front 187 Which of the following statements about the gametophyte of plants is true? Multiple choice question. The gametophyte of simpler plants, such as mosses, tends to be large, while that of flowering plants is typically small. The gametophyte of simpler plants, such as mosses, tends to be small, while that of flowering plants is typically large. The gametophyte of all plants is typically small, regardless of the plant's complexity. The gametophyte of all plants is typically large, regardless of the plant's complexity.	back 187 The gametophyte of simpler plants, such as mosses, tends to be large, while that of flowering plants is typically small.
front 188 During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II. Multiple choice question. oogonium secondary oocyte primary oocyte zygote	back 188 secondary oocyte

front 189 Meiosis in flowering plants occurs in two different parts of the sporophyte: the ____, which produce the male gametophyte, and the ____, which produce the female gametophyte.	back 189 anther; ovaries
front 190 The pollen grain is the ______ in flowering plants. Multiple choice question. female gametophyte male sporophyte male gametophyte female sporophyte	back 190 male gametophyte
front 191 Which of the following are produced within ovules found in the plant ovaries? Multiple choice question. Female sporophytes Female gametophytes Male gametophytes Male sporophytes	back 191 Female gametophytes
front 192 Which of the following statements about the life cycle of flowering plants is true? Multiple choice question. The ovaries of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the anthers of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte. The anthers of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the ovaries of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte. The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte. The ovaries of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the anthers of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte.	back 192 The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.

front 193 The embryo sac is the _______ in flowering plants. Multiple choice question. female gametophyte male gametophyte male sporophyte female sporophyte	back 193 female gametophyte
front 194 In flowering plants, the female gametophytes are formed within structures called ____, which are found in the ovaries.	back 194 ovule
front 195 The endosperm is a Multiple choice question. diploid cell in plants that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes. tetraploid structure in plants that acts as a food storing tissue. triploid structure in plants that acts as a food storing tissue. tetraploid cell in plants that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes.	back 195 triploid structure in plants that acts as a food storing tissue.
front 196 Fertilization in plants involves all of the following steps except ______. Multiple choice question. the sperm cells migrate through the endosperm tissue and eventually reach the site of fertilization a pollen tube grows through the style and eventually makes contact with an ovule a pollen grain lands on a stigma and stimulates the tube cell to sprout a pollen tube the generative cell undergoes mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells	back 196 the sperm cells migrate through the endosperm tissue and eventually reach the site of fertilization

front 197 During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II. Multiple choice question. secondary oocyte oogonium zygote primary oocyte	back 197 secondary oocyte
front 198 Which of the following statements about gametes is true? Multiple choice question. Both animals and plants produce gametes by meiosis. Animals produce gametes by meiosis, while plants produce gametes by mitosis. Both animals and plants produce gametes by mitosis. Animals produce gametes by mitosis, while plants produce gametes by meiosis.	back 198 Animals produce gametes by meiosis, while plants produce gametes by mitosis.
front 199 In flowering plants, the female gametophyte is a seven-celled structure called the ____ ____.	back 199 embryo sac
front 200 All of the following are fundamental principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance except ______. Multiple choice question. chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle during the formation of haploid cells, different types of chromosomes segregate independently of each other chromosomes passed along, generation after generation, from parent to offspring chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from parent to offspring and from cell to cell each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring	back 200 chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

front 201 Fertilization in plants involves the formation of a triploid (3n) cell. This cell undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to produce ____, which serves as a nutrition source.	back 201 endosperm
front 202 The following are steps of plant fertilization. Arrange them in the proper sequence, starting with the earliest at the top.	back 202 Answer in the picture
front 203 Mendel’s law of ____ can be explained by the homologous pairing and separation of chromosomes during meiosis.	back 203 segregation
front 204 In plants, the gametophyte is a haploid multicellular organism formed as a result of repeated ____ cellular divisions of a haploid spore. Inside this gametophyte, some cells become specialized as ____.	back 204 mitotic; gametes

front 205 A fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance involves the chromosome composition of cells. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, containing chromosomes that are found in ____ pairs. During the process of ____, the two members of each pair segregate into different daughter nuclei.	back 205 homologous or homolog meiosis
front 206 An endosperm is ____?	back 206 a triploid (3n) cell that acts as food-storing tissue
front 207 What aspect of chromosome behavior is consistent with Mendel's law of independent assortment? Multiple choice question. Independent alignment of different homologous pairs along the metaphase I plate Production of genetically identical daughter cells during mitosis Replication of chromosomes during the S phase prior to meiosis Movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles during anaphase II of meiosis	back 207 Independent alignment of different homologous pairs along the metaphase I plate
front 208 The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of segregation. Specifically, a gamete contains only one copy of each type of chromosome because of which of the following? Multiple choice question. The sister chromatids segregate during meiosis I and then again during meiosis II The homologs segregate during meiosis I and then again during meiosis II The homologs segregate during meiosis I and the sister chromatids separate during meiosis II The sister chromatids segregate during meiosis I and the homologs separate during meiosis II	back 208 The homologs segregate during meiosis I and the sister chromatids separate during meiosis II

front 209 True or false: Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine sex in all species.	back 209 False
front 210 All of the following are fundamental principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance except ______. Multiple choice question. during the formation of haploid cells, different types of chromosomes segregate independently of each other each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from parent to offspring and from cell to cell chromosomes passed along, generation after generation, from parent to offspring	back 210 chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle
front 211 The random arrangement of homologs along the metaphase plate in meiosis I is consistent with Mendel’s law of ____ ____.	back 211 Independent assortment
front 212 The X-Y system of sex determination is used by ______. Multiple choice question. insects reptiles birds mammals plants	back 212 mammals

front 213 True or false: A heterogametic sex produces two types of sex cells, while a homogametic sex produces sex cells of only one type.	back 213 True
front 214 Mendel’s law of ____ can be explained by the homologous pairing and separation of chromosomes during meiosis.	back 214 segregation
front 215 A human cell contains two main types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and ____.	back 215 autosomes
front 216 Chromosomes that determine whether an individual is a male or female are called ____ ____.	back 216 sex chromosomes

front 217 Which of the following genes plays a key role in male development? Multiple choice question. Yac Sry Xist Xec	back 217 Sry
front 218 A fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance involves the chromosome composition of cells. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, containing chromosomes that are found in ____ pairs. During the process of ____, the two members of each pair segregate into different daughter nuclei.	back 218 homologous; meiosis
front 219 Which of the following statements about the X-0 system of sex determination is true? Multiple choice question. The male has one sex chromosome designated X, while the female has another sex chromosome designated 0. The male has one sex chromosome designated 0, while the female has another sex chromosome designated X. The male has one sex chromosome (the X) and is designated X0, whereas the female has two X chromosomes. The female has one sex chromosome (the X) and is designated X0, whereas the male has two X chromosomes.	back 219 The male has one sex chromosome (the X) and is designated X0, whereas the female has two X chromosomes.
front 220 Which of the following statements about the X-Y system of sex determination is true? Multiple choice question. The male is XY and the female is YY. The male is XY and the female is XX. The female is XY and the male is XX. The female is XX and the male is YY.	back 220 The male is XY and the female is XX.

front 221 In many insect species, sex is determined by the ratio between ____ chromosomes and the number of ____ sets.	back 221 sex; autosome
front 222 In humans, the male is known as the ____ sex, because one type of sperm carries only the X chromosome, and another type carries the Y chromosome. The female, on the other hand, is the ____ sex because all eggs carry a single X chromosome.	back 222 heterogametic; homogametic
front 223 This figure shows the sex determination mechanisms of various animals. In which animal, are the male and female descriptions switched? Multiple choice question. Mammals Insects Birds Bees	back 223 Birds
front 224 Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called ______. Multiple choice question. autosomes protosomes euchromatin heterochromatin	back 224 autosomes

front 225 Consider a Drosophila fruit fly that has two sets of autosomes and a sex chromosome composition XXY. This fly would be a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. female male	back 225 female
front 226 The gene on the Y chromosome plays a key role in causing the development of male characteristics.	back 226 Sry
front 227 Which of the following statements about the Z-W system of sex determination is true? Multiple choice question. The male is ZZ and is the homogametic sex, while the female is ZW and is the heterogametic sex. The female is ZZ and is the homogametic sex, while the male is ZW and is the heterogametic sex. The male is WW and is the homogametic sex, while the female is ZW and is the heterogametic sex. The female is WW and is the homogametic sex, while the male is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.	back 227 The male is ZZ and is the homogametic sex, while the female is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.
front 228 In the X-0 system of sex determination, the male's chromosomes are listed as ____, whereas the female's chromosomes are listed as ____.	back 228 XO XX

front 229 In the haplodiploid system of sex determination, the male is ____, whereas the female is ____.	back 229 haploid or unfertilized diploid or fertilized
front 230 In Drosophila melanogaster, sex is determined by the ______. Multiple choice question. Z-W system of sex chromosomes X-Y system of sex chromosomes ratio between X chromosomes and the number of autosomes ratio between X chromosomes and the number of autosomal sets	back 230 ratio between X chromosomes and the number of autosomal sets
front 231 Match the animal to its appropriate mechanism of sex determination. Instructions A B C D Haplodiploid system X-0 system Z-W system X-Y system	back 231 A X-Y system B X-0 system C Z-W system D Haplodiploid system
front 232 Select all that apply Sex-determination systems that are controlled by the environmental temperature are seen in what group of animals? Multiple select question. Fish Birds Reptiles Insects Mammals	back 232 Fish Reptiles

front 233 An abnormal fruit fly has two sets of autosomes, a single X chromosome, and no Y chromosomes. This fly would be a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. male female intersex	back 233 male
front 234 In the Z-W system of sex determination, the male is designated ______, whereas the female is designated ______.	back 234 ZZ; ZW
front 235 Consider this testcross between a white-eyed male fruit fly and a heterozygous red-eyed female. The offspring are expected in what proportion? Multiple choice question. 2 white-eyed males : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female 2 red-eyed males : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 red-eyed females 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 white-eyed females	back 235 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female
front 236 Which of the following statements about the haplodiploid system of sex determination is true? Multiple choice question. Males and female workers are haploid, while female queens are diploid. Males are haploid, while females are diploid. Females are haploid, while males are diploid. Males and female queens are diploid, while female workers are haploid.	back 236 Males are haploid, while females are diploid.

front 237 Multiple Choice Question When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed the red-eyed F₁ generation fruit flies with each other, the F₂ generation included both red-eyed and white-eyed individuals. Interestingly, all the white-eyed flies were male. What did these results indicate? Multiple choice question. The eye color gene was on the Y chromosome Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by female-specific non-chromosome factors The eye color gene was on the X chromosome The eye color gene was on an autosome Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by male-specific non-chromosome factors	back 237 The eye color gene was on the X chromosome
front 238 In the American alligator, sex is determined by the ______. Multiple choice question. haplodiploid system environmental temperature X-0 chromosomal system X-Y chromosomal system Z-W chromosomal system	back 238 environmental temperature
front 239 Genes that are physically located on the X chromosome are called X- ____ genes.	back 239 linked
front 240 What ratio of offspring is expected from this cross of two Drosophila flies (X^w-Y x X^w+X^w+)? Multiple choice question. 1 red-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed female 1 white-eyed male : 1 white-eyed female 1 white-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female	back 240 1 red-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female

front 241 Which of the following is an example of a testcross in Drosophila melanogaster? Multiple choice question. A cross between a red-eyed male and a white-eyed female A cross between a white-eyed male and a white-eyed female A cross between a white-eyed male and a red-eyed female	back 241 A cross between a white-eyed male and a red-eyed female
front 242 In his experiment, Morgan crossed a red-eyed female with a white-eyed male. Which of the following results allowed Morgan to conclude that the locus affecting eye color was on the X chromosome? Multiple choice question. In the F1 generation, all male and female flies had red eyes. In the F2 generation, all males had red eyes, while half of the females had red eyes and the other half had white eyes. In the F2 generation, all females had red eyes, while half of the males had red eyes and the other half had white eyes. In the F2 generation, half of males and females had red eyes, while the other half had white eyes. In the F1 generation, all male and female flies had white eyes.	back 242 In the F2 generation, all females had red eyes, while half of the males had red eyes and the other half had white eyes.
front 243 _______ genes are those that are physically located on the X chromosome. Multiple choice question. X-associated X-linked X-limited X-influenced	back 243 X-linked
front 244 In a Drosophila melanogaster ____, a fly with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is mated to one that has a recessive phenotype.	back 244 testcross

front 245

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed the red-eyed F₁ generation fruit flies with each other, the F₂ generation included both red-eyed and white-eyed individuals. Interestingly, all the white-eyed flies were male. What did these results indicate?

Multiple choice question.

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by female-specific non-chromosome factors

The eye color gene was on the X chromosome

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by male-specific non-chromosome factors

The eye color gene was on an autosome

The eye color gene was on the Y chromosome

back 245

The eye color gene was on the X chromosome

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