Genetics: PCB 3036 Chrom Trans Ch 3 Connect Assignment Flashcards

Chromosomes are best defined as ______.

Which of the following are the major components of a chromosome?

What is chromatin?

Which term best describes organisms whose chromosomes are not contained within a membrane-bound nucleus?

The ____ of a prokaryotic cell is the region of cytoplasm that contains the chromosome.

The structures within all living cells that contain the genetic material are called

A chromosome contains a very long segment of ____, which is bound to ____ that provide structure.

This diagram depicts a bacterial cell. Match the letter to the correct structure.

What is the name for the diffuse complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?

Which of the following are eukaryotes?

Multiple select question.

Protists

Fungi

Archaea

Plants

Bacteria

Prokaryotes, which include the ____ and the ____ , are organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

Prokaryotes usually have a single type of circular chromosome in a region of the cytoplasm called the ______.

This diagram depicts a eukaryotic cell. Match the letter to the correct structure.

In eukaryotes, ____ are membrane-bound structures that have specific functions.

Select all that apply

In this figure of a bacterial cell, which of the following labels are correctly matched with their appropriate structures?

C = Plasma (inner) membrane

F = Cilium

E = Ribosome

B = Outer membrane

A = Cell wall

D = Nucleus

Which of the following best describes the nucleus?

An organelle of prokaryotes that is surrounded by a single membrane.

An organelle of eukaryotes that is surrounded by a single membrane.

An organelle of prokaryotes that is surrounded by two membranes.

An organelle of eukaryotes that is surrounded by two membranes.

Organisms, such as protists and fungi, that have a true nucleus are called ____.

Select all that apply

Which of the following organelles contain their own DNA?

Multiple select question.

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Golgi bodies

Chloroplasts

What is cytogenetics?

Select all that apply

In this figure of a eukaryotic cell, which of the following labels are correctly matched with their appropriate structures?

Multiple select question.

C = Lysosome

B = Centriole

F = Golgi body

A = Mitochondrion

E = Ribosome

D = Endoplasmic reticulum

True or false: Each species has a particular chromosome composition.

An organelle is ______.

Multiple choice question.

a structure within the cytoplasm with a specific function

the DNA-containing structure of an organ system

a complex found in the cell membrane of a cell and which facilitates nutrient transport

The procedure for making a karyotype includes all of the following steps except ______.

Multiple choice question.

sequencing the DNA

centrifugation to concentrate the cells in a pellet

treatment with chemicals that bind to the chromosomes and stain them

treatment with chemicals that stimulate cell division

treatment of the cells with a hypotonic solution

The ____ of a eukaryote is the organelle that contains most of the genetic material found in the cell.

In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotic organelles called the ____ and the ____ contain a small amount of their own DNA.

The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes is called ____.

Which is the best definition of a karyotype?

In general, the chromosome number of a particular species ______.

The following are steps used in the procedure for making a karyotype. Arrange them in order, starting with the first step at the top.

Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is true?

Multiple choice question.

Most eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle.

All eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle.

Few eukaryotic species are diploid or have a diploid phase to their life cycle.

An organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell is called a(n)

A diploid cell is defined as a cell that has ______.

two sets of chromosomes

two pairs of chromosomes

two chromatids for each chromosome

two nuclear membranes

True or false: Each species has a particular chromosome composition.

Insert a number into the blank: Most human somatic cells contain a total of ____ chromosomes.

The procedure for making a karyotype includes all of the following steps except ______.

Multiple choice question.

treatment of the cells with a hypotonic solution

sequencing the DNA

treatment with chemicals that bind to the chromosomes and stain them

treatment with chemicals that stimulate cell division

centrifugation to concentrate the cells in a pellet

In a diploid cell, each member of a pair of chromosomes is called a(n) ______.

True or false: Most eukaryotic species are haploid or have such a phase as a significant part of their life cycle.

In a ______ cell, each type of chromosome is a member of a pair.

The two members of a homologous pair of chromosomes may carry different versions of a given gene, which are called ____.

A normal human somatic cell carries ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ______.

The position of a gene on a chromosome, such as gene A in the image, is called its ______.

homolog

allele

locus

centromere

Unicellular prokaryotic organisms proliferate by ____ reproduction, in which a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells.

Each type of chromosome in a diploid cell is found in a homologous pair. Each chromosome in such a pair is referred to as a(n) ____.

This figure shows a bacterium reproducing asexually by a process known as ____ .

Eukaryotic cells that are destined to divide progress through G₁, S, G₂, and M phases, which are collectively known as the ____ ____ .

______ are different versions of the same gene.

Loci

Homologs

Haplotypes

Alleles

Select all that apply

Which of the following are part of interphase?

Multiple select question.

Cytokinesis

M

G₁

G₂

S

A(n) refers to the physical location of a gene.

Which of the following best describes asexual reproduction?

Multiple choice question.

A mother cell divides to produce four unique daughter cells

A mother cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells

Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell

A cell, such as most nerve cells in an adult mammal that will never divide again, is in the ______ phase.

G₁

S

G₀

G₂

Most bacterial cells divide by ______.

mitosis

binary fission

budding

fragmentation

The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of ______ phases called ______.

four; G₀, G₁, G₂, and S

three; G₁, G₂, and S

three; G₁, G₂, and M

four; G₁, G₂, S, and M

In actively dividing cells, the G₁, S, and G₂ phases are collectively known as ____.

The following is a diagram of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Match the letter to the appropriate phase.

Late in the G₁ phase, many cell types become committed to progress through the rest of the cell cycle. When this occurs, the cell has reached a(n) ____ ____ .

Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is considered a "resting" stage, where cells can remain permanently, or for long periods of time?

G₂

M

G₀

S

G₁

The two copies of a replicated chromosome are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

centrosomes

alleles

homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids

A pair of sister chromatids is also called a ______.

Multiple choice question.

monad

tetrad

dyad

diplomonad

This figure depicts the cell cycle in eukaryotes, including the M phase. Match the letter to the appropriate phase.

The two chromatids of a chromosome are joined together at a region of DNA called the ____.

In mitosis, the restriction point is ______.

Multiple choice question.

the time in the G₁ phase at which the cell becomes “committed” to the cell cycle

the time in the G₂ phase at which the cell becomes “committed” to condense its chromosomes

the site where the cleavage furrow forms to divide the cell into two daughter cells

the site where the two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome attach to each other

The ____ is a protein-complex that is bound to the centromere, and which plays a key role in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

After replication, each chromosome consists of two copies called ____.

This diagram shows a pair of ____ ____.

A monad can be described as ______.

Multiple choice question.

one pole of a dividing cell

one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule

a set of chromosomes

an unreplicated chromosome

Insert a number into the blank: A human cell in the G₂ phase has a total of ____ chromatids.

Fill in the blank question.

The meaning of the term chromosome can differ depending on the stage of the cell cycle we are observing. During ____ phase of interphase and early stages of M phase, a chromosome refers to a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad). However, at the end of M phase and during ____ phase of interphase, a chromosome refers to a monad which contains the equivalent of one chromatid.

The centromere is a ______.

region of DNA that serves as an origin of replication

complex of proteins that forms at the site of cell division

region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids join

complex of proteins that helps in replicating DNA

After a mitotic division is complete, a daughter cell has 40 chromosomes. Which of the following best describes the chromosome composition of the mother cell in the G₂ phase?

Multiple choice question.

40 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids

40 chromosomes, each consisting of one chromatid

80 chromosomes, each consisting of one chromatid

80 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids

The kinetochore serves which of the following functions?

Multiple choice question.

It aids in chromosome sorting during mitosis.

It helps in the replication of DNA.

It regulates the length of the cell cycle.

It forms the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.

The mitotic spindle apparatus is involved in the ______.

Multiple choice question.

replication of chromosomes during S phase

movement of organelles to opposite cell poles

division of the cell during cytokinesis

organization and sorting of chromosomes

The box in this karyotype highlights which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

A pair of non-sister chromatids

A pair of non-homologous chromosomes

A pair of homologous chromosomes

A pair of sister chromatids

When S phase is completed, a cell has _______ in the G₁ phase.

Multiple choice question.

twice as many chromatids as chromosomes

as many chromatids as chromosomes

twice as many chromosomes as chromatids

four times as much DNA as

What is a spindle pole?

Multiple choice question.

The site in an animal cell where the cleavage furrow forms

The site in a plant cell where the cell plate forms

The position in a plant cell where a centrosome is located

The position in an animal cell where a centrosome is located

The term that can refer to either a dyad (pair of sister chromatids) or a monad (single chromatid) is a(n) ____.

Each centrosome of an animal cell contains a pair of ____ at right angles to each other.

The primary purpose of mitosis is to ______.

Multiple choice question.

ensure proper replication of the genetic material during the S phase of the cell cycle

distribute the replicated chromosomes equally into the two daughter cells

enhance the genetic diversity of a species via crossing-over between chromosomes

True or false: Centrosomes and centrioles are found only in plant cells.

The microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules grow to form the ______.

centromere

sister chromatid

kinetochore

spindle apparatus

Click and drag on elements in order

Rank the phases of mitosis in order, starting with the earliest at the top.

Telophase

Prometaphase

Prophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of six chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division?

Anaphase of mitosis

Anaphase II of meiosis

Metaphase II of meiosis

Metaphase of mitosis

Anaphase I of meiosis

In animals cells, each centrosome is located at a(n) ____ _____.

During prophase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles and the nucleolus becomes less visible. Furthermore, the two ____ move apart from each other and the mitotic ____ begins to form.

The two microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) that form the mitotic spindle of animal cells are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

centrioles

centromeres

centrosomes

centrophores

During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell.

Multiple choice question.

prometaphase

cytokinesis

metaphase

anaphase

prophase

Which of the following statements about centrosomes and centrioles is true?

Multiple choice question.

They are found only in plant cells

They are found only in animal cells

They are found in both animal and plant cells

They are found in all cells

They are found only in bacterial cells

Which of the following represents the sequence of phases during mitosis?

Multiple choice question.

Prophase — prometaphase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase

Prometaphase — prophase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase

Prophase — prometaphase — metaphase — telophase — anaphase

Prometaphase — prophase — metaphase — telophase — anaphase

Metaphase — prometaphase — prophase — anaphase — telophase

Consider a diploid cell that is 2n = 6. This diagram shows the cell in which phase of cell division?

Multiple choice question.

Prophase II of meiosis

Prophase of mitosis

Interphase of the cell cycle

Prophase I of meiosis

Metaphase of mitosis

During ____ of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plate, or the center of the cell.

Select all that apply

Select all of the following events that occur during prophase.

Multiple select question.

The chromatids become condensed.

The nuclear membrane begins to dissociate into small vesicles

The mitotic spindle begins to form.

The nucleolus becomes less visible.

The two centrosomes are replicated.

All of the following events occur during prometaphase except ______.

Multiple choice question.

the chromosomes become visible with the light microscope

the spindle fibers “capture” chromosomes

the mitotic spindle is completely formed

the nuclear envelope completely breaks down

Which of the following events occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Multiple choice question.

The mitotic spindle begins to break down

Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row

Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles

Chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense

Which of the following events occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Multiple choice question.

The mitotic spindle is completely formed

Pairs of sister chromatids become organized in a single row

Sister chromatids separate from each other and head to opposite poles

The spindle fibers “capture” chromosomes

During prophase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles and the nucleolus becomes less visible. Furthermore, the two ____ move apart from each other and the mitotic _____ begins to form.

During ______, pairs of sister chromatids become attached to kinetochore microtubules which emanate from opposite poles of the cell.

Multiple choice question.

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

prophase

cytokinesis

All of the following events occur during telophase except that the ______.

Multiple choice question.

chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense

pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other

nuclear membrane reforms to produce two separate nuclei

nucleolus or nucleoli become visible

In plant cell cytokinesis, the two daughter cells are separated by the formation of a ______ made from the fusion of ______ vesicles carrying cell wall materials.

Multiple choice question.

cleavage furrow ; ER-derived

cell plate ; Golgi-derived

cell plate ; ER-derived

cleavage furrow ; Golgi-derived

During anaphase, the chromosomes move toward the pole to which they are attached. This movement is caused by the shortening of the ______.

Multiple choice question.

aster microtubules

sister chromatids

metaphase plate

kinetochore microtubules

In this diagram, the arrow points to the ____ ____.

If the original diploid mother cell had eight chromosomes, a cell in telophase of mitosis would have ______ nuclei, each with ______ chromosomes.

Multiple choice question.

two; eight

four; eight

two; four

four; four

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis and cytokinesis in human somatic cells?

Multiple choice question.

1n → 2n

2n → 2n

2n → 1n

1n → 1n

In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of a ______ composed of ______ filaments.

Multiple choice question.

cleavage furrow; actin

cell plate; actin

cleavage furrow; tubulin

cell plate; tubulin

This micrograph shows a plant cell undergoing the process of ____ which occurs via the formation of a ____ ____ between the two daughter cells.

Eukaryotic cells that are diploid can divide by ______ to produce haploid sex cells.

Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of ______.

Multiple choice question.

four genetically identical daughter cells

two genetically identical daughter cells

two daughter cells that are genetically different from each other

four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other

What does a haploid cell contain?

Multiple choice question.

A single chromatid for each chromosome

A single pair of chromosomes

A single set of chromosomes

A single nuclear membrane

In plant cell cytokinesis, the two daughter cells are separated by the formation of a ______ made from the fusion of ______ vesicles carrying cell wall materials.

Multiple choice question.

cleavage furrow ; Golgi-derived

cleavage furrow ; ER-derived

cell plate ; Golgi-derived

cell plate ; ER-derived

Which of the following represents the correct order of stages of meiotic prophase I?

Multiple choice question.

Zygotene, diplotene, leptotene, diakinesis, pachytene

Zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis, pachytene, leptotene

Leptotene, pachytene, zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diakinesis, diplotene

In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes begin to condense and become visible with a light microscope during which stage?

Multiple choice question.

Diplotene

Pachytene

Zygotene

Leptotene

Diakinesis

In prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves during what stage?

Multiple choice question.

Leptotene

Zygotene

Diplotene

Diakinesis

Pachytene

In eukaryotes, ______ is the type of cell division that is responsible for the production of gametes.

Multiple choice question.

mitosis

meiosis

binary fission

During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes recognize and begin to align with each other via a process called ____.

A(n) ______ cell has a single set of chromosomes.

Multiple choice question.

triploid

tetraploid

diploid

haploid

A pair of homologous chromosomes is shown here. Which of the following combinations show correct matches?

Multiple choice question.

A = synaptonemal complex ; B = chiasma

A = cleavage furrow ; B = chiasma

A = chiasma ; B = synaptonemal complex

A = synaptonemal complex ; B = cleavage furrow

A = cleavage furrow ; B = synaptonemal complex

Click and drag on elements in order

Arrange the stages of prophase I of meiosis in order, starting with the earliest phase at the top.

Leptotene

Diplotene

Pachytene

Diakinesis

Zygotene

Synapsis is complete and crossing over occurs during which stage of prophase I of meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

Zygotene

Diakinesis

Leptotene

Pachytene

Diplotene

During the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the replicated chromosomes can be visualized by light microscopy.

A bivalent, or tetrad, consists of ______.

Multiple choice question.

two pairs of sister chromatids

two non-homologous chromosomes

a sister chromatid and a non-sister chromatid

two chromatids of a replicated chromosome

Fill in the Blank Question

The process of synapsis begins in the ____ stage of prophase I of meiosis.

Synapsis is the process by which ______.

Multiple choice question.

tubulin filaments polymerize to form the spindle apparatus that separates the chromosomes during cell division.

chromosomes are replicated in the S phase of the cell cycle, prior to either mitosis or meiosis.

homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves in prophase I.

actin filaments polymerize to produce the cleavage furrow that divides the two animal daughter cells.

The interchange of corresponding chromatid segments of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called ______ ______.

Multiple choice question.

assortment

segregation

mutation

crossing over

In this figure label A points to the ____ ____ while label B shows the ____, which is the connection that results from a crossing over.

During the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, the homologous chromosomes have become completely aligned and crossing over occurs.

Experiments in recent years have demonstrated the importance of ____ ____ for the normal segregation of chromosomes. For example, lack of this process has been associated with the presence of the extra chromosome 21 in a high percentage of individuals with Down syndrome.

A bivalent is also called a ____, because it is composed of four chromatids.

The structure that is formed during crossing over is called a(n) ____, because it looks like the Greek letter chi, χ.

In meiosis, crossing over refers to the physical exchange of pieces between ______ chromatids of ______ chromosomes.

Multiple choice question.

non-sister; non-homologous

non-sister; homologous

sister; homologous

sister; non-homologous

The diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I is characterized by the ______.

Multiple choice question.

formation of the synaptonemal complex

dissociation of the synaptonemal complex

duplication of chromosomes to form chromatids

decondensation of chromosomes to form chromatin

During Blank______ of meiosis, the spindle apparatus is complete and the chromatids are attached via kinetochore microtubules.

prometaphase I

prophase II

telophase I

anaphase II

Defects in crossing-over appear to cause abnormalities in ______.

Multiple choice question.

chromosome segregation

chromosome replication

division of the cytoplasm

division of the nucleus

In ______ of meiosis, the bivalents (which are also termed tetrads) are aligned along the center of the cell.

Multiple choice question.

anaphase II

metaphase II

metaphase I

prophase I

prophase II

anaphase I

In humans, how many different, random chromosome alignments are possible during metaphase I of meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

2²²

2²³

2⁴⁶

2⁴⁵

Chiasmata refers to ______.

Multiple choice question.

the cleavage furrow that forms during cytokinesis

the connections that result from crossing-over

protein complexes that help in chromosome replication

a stage in prophase I of meiosis

During metaphase I of meiosis, one pair of chromatids in a bivalent (but not both) is attached to a ______. Therefore, each pair of sister chromatids is attached to only one pole.

Multiple choice question.

metaphase plate

kinetochore microtubule

nucleolus

telomere

centrosome

polar microtubule

The synaptonemal complex dissociates during the ____ stage of meiotic prophase I, and it completely disappears by the ____ stage.

Which of the following statements about synapsis and crossing over is true?

Multiple choice question.

Both synapsis and crossing over occur in prophase I of meiosis

Synapsis occurs in prophase I and crossing over occurs in prometaphase I of meiosis

Both synapsis and crossing over occur in prometaphase I of meiosis

Synapsis occurs in prometaphase I and crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis

During which of the following phases are tetrads organized along a plate in the center of the cell?

Multiple choice question.

Metaphase of meiosis I

Prophase of meiosis I

Prophase of meiosis II

Metaphase of meiosis II

Metaphase of mitosis

This diagram represents a cell that has an original diploid number (2n) of six chromosomes. The cell is shown in which phase of cell division?

Multiple choice question.

Anaphase of mitosis

Metaphase II of meiosis

Anaphase II of meiosis

Metaphase of mitosis

Anaphase I of meiosis

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has four pairs of chromosomes. How many different, random chromosome alignments are possible during metaphase I of meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

4

16

8

32

The stage of meiosis I is characterized by the separation of the two pairs of sister chromatids within a bivalent from each other and their migration to opposite poles of the cell.

Which of the following best describes how chromosomes are attached to microtubules during metaphase I of meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

A pair of sister chromatids is linked to both poles

Each member of a homologous pair of chromosomes is linked to both poles

One pair of sister chromatids is linked to one pole, and the homologous pair is linked to the other

Which of the following best describes the outcome of meiosis I in humans?

Multiple choice question.

1n → 2n

1n → 1n

2n → 2n

2n → 1n

Select all that apply

Select all of these that are events of telophase I of meiosis.

Multiple select question.

Chromosomes condense in most species

Homologues have reached their respective poles

Homologues are aligned at the center of the cell

The nuclear membrane breaks down in most species

The nuclear membrane reforms in most species

During ____ of meiosis, the spindle apparatus is complete and the chromatids are attached via kinetochore microtubules.

Multiple choice question.

anaphase II

prophase II

telophase I

prometaphase I

Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes. At the start of meiosis II, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids.

Multiple choice question.

six; six

three; three

three; six

six; three

Consider a diploid cell with 2n = 6. This cell is shown in which phase of cell division?

Multiple choice question.

Anaphase II of meiosis

Metaphase II of meiosis

Metaphase of mitosis

Anaphase I of meiosis

Anaphase of mitosis

All of the following occur in mitosis except ______.

Multiple choice question.

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate of the cell

kinetochores begin attaching to spindle fibers

sister chromatids separate, and move to opposite poles

chromosomes condense, and nuclear envelope breaks down

pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs

Which of the following best describes the events of anaphase I of meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

The two pairs of sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

The sister chromatids of each chromosome migrate to opposite poles.

The two pairs of sister chromatids migrate to the same pole.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two ______ in the process of ______.

Multiple choice question.

gametes ; fertilization

gametes ; gametogenesis

somatic cells ; fertilization

somatic cells ; gametogenesis

Consider an organism that has four pairs of chromosomes. At the end of meiosis I, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids.

Multiple choice question.

two; four

four; four

eight; eight

four; eight

Gametes, or sex cells, are produced by a process called ____.

During ______ of meiosis, the pairs of sister chromatids (or dyads) reach the opposite poles of the cell, where in most cases, they decondense.

Multiple choice question.

prophase II

telophase I

anaphase I

metaphase II

metaphase I

In humans, a diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, for a total of ____ chromosomes. In contrast, a gamete (sperm or egg cell) contains only a single set, consisting of ____ chromosomes.

Which of the following best describes the starting material found in each cell entering meiosis II in humans?

Multiple choice question.

46 dyads

23 dyads

23 monads

23 bivalents

46 monads

Which of the following statements about mitosis and meiosis of humans is true?

Multiple choice question.

Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells.

Mitosis produces four haploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

Mitosis produces two haploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four diploid daughter cells.

Mitosis produces four diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces two haploid daughter cells.

Species that produce two morphologically different types of sex cells are said to be ______.

Multiple choice question.

heterozygotes

heteroploids

heterogeneous

heterogamous

What process involves the fusion of gametes in fertilization to produce a new organism?

Multiple choice question.

Asexual reproduction

Meiosis

Binary fission

Sexual reproduction

Mitosis

Which of the following best describes the male and female gametes of animals?

Multiple choice question.

Female gametes tend to be smaller and less mobile than male gametes

Male gametes tend to be smaller and more mobile than female gametes

Female gametes tend to be smaller and more mobile than male gametes

Male gametes tend to be smaller and less mobile than female gametes

True or false: Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes fuse to produce a new individual.

Male animals produce mature sperm by a process called

A haploid cell is represented by 1n and a diploid cell by 2n. The n refers to ______.

Multiple choice question.

the number chromosomes in a cell

the number of genes in a cell

a set of chromosomes

the amount of DNA in a cell

In the testes, a spermatogonial cell divides by ____ to produce two cells, one of which remains a spermatogonial cell, while the other cell becomes a ____ ____.

Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes. At the start of meiosis II, each cell would have ______ chromosomes and ______ chromatids.

Multiple choice question.

six; six

six; three

three; three

three; six

Click and drag on elements in order

Place these cells in the correct order in which they are involved in spermatogenesis, starting with the earliest at the top.

Spermatids

Sperm cells

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes

Most eukaryotic species are ____, which means they produce two gametes with different morphologies.

Fill in the Blank Question

The ____ is an organelle at the tip of a sperm which contains digestive enzymes used to penetrate the egg's outer layers.

Fill in the Blank Question

In animals, male gametes are called ____ cells, while the female gamete is called an egg cell or ____.

The primary oocytes of a human female are formed ______, but are arrested in ______.

Multiple choice question.

before birth; prophase I of meiosis

before birth; prophase II of meiosis

at puberty; prophase I of meiosis

at puberty; prophase II of meiosis

Spermatogenesis takes place in the ______.

Multiple choice question.

testes

prostate gland

penis

seminal vesicles

The earliest precursors to sperm cells are called ______ cells.

Multiple choice question.

spermatozoa

spermatogonial

spermatid

spermatocyte

Oogenesis takes place in the ______.

Multiple choice question.

ovaries

vagina

Fallopian tubes

uterus

How many haploid cells are produced from one primary spermatocyte in the process of spermatogenesis?

Multiple choice question.

Two

One

Eight

Four

What is the role of the acrosome of a sperm?

Multiple choice question.

It encloses numerous mitochondria that provide the energy required for the sperm to function.

It contains the haploid nucleus that will fuse with the haploid egg's nucleus to form the diploid zygote.

It contains digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg's outer protective layers.

It anchors the long flagellum that enables the mature sperm to travel and reach the egg to fertilize it.

In human females, the ____ ____ are produced before birth. However, they enter a dormant stage at prophase of meiosis I, and remain there until the female becomes sexually mature.

Which two cells are produced by meiosis I in females?

Multiple choice question.

a larger primary oocyte and a smaller polar body

a larger primary oocyte and a smaller secondary oocyte

a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller primary oocyte

a smaller secondary oocyte and a larger polar body

a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body

During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II.

Multiple choice question.

primary oocyte

oogonium

secondary oocyte

zygote

Female animals produce egg cells by a process called ____.

Which of the following statements about the life cycle of plants is true?

Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce diploid cells, which divide by meiosis to produce a gametophyte.

Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, which divide by mitosis to produce a gametophyte.

Certain cells in the gametophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, which divide by mitosis to produce a gametophyte.

Certain cells in the gametophyte undergo mitosis to produce diploid cells, which divide by meiosis to produce a gametophyte.

In human oogenesis, the first meiotic division is asymmetrical and produces a secondary oocyte and a much smaller cell, known as a(n) ____ ____.

True or false: The gametophyte of flowering plants tends to be large, while that of mosses is typically small.

In human females, the egg cell that is fertilized is called the ______.

Multiple choice question.

secondary oocyte

follicle

oogonium

primary oocyte

Oogenesis takes place in the ______.

Multiple choice question.

Fallopian tubes

uterus

ovaries

vagina

Which of the following statements about the life cycle of flowering plants is true?

Multiple choice question.

The ovaries of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the anthers of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte.

The ovaries of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the anthers of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.

The anthers of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the ovaries of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte.

The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.

In flowering plants, the male gametophyte with a thick cell wall is called the ____ ____.

The life cycles of plant species alternate between haploid and diploid generations. The haploid generation is called the ____, whereas the diploid generation is called the ____.

In flowering plants, the female gametophytes are formed within structures called ____, which are found in the ovaries.

Which of the following statements about the gametophyte of plants is true?

Multiple choice question.

The gametophyte of simpler plants, such as mosses, tends to be large, while that of flowering plants is typically small.

The gametophyte of simpler plants, such as mosses, tends to be small, while that of flowering plants is typically large.

The gametophyte of all plants is typically small, regardless of the plant's complexity.

The gametophyte of all plants is typically large, regardless of the plant's complexity.

During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II.

Multiple choice question.

oogonium

secondary oocyte

primary oocyte

zygote

Meiosis in flowering plants occurs in two different parts of the sporophyte: the ____, which produce the male gametophyte, and the ____, which produce the female gametophyte.

The pollen grain is the ______ in flowering plants.

Multiple choice question.

female gametophyte

male sporophyte

male gametophyte

female sporophyte

Which of the following are produced within ovules found in the plant ovaries?

Multiple choice question.

Female sporophytes

Female gametophytes

Male gametophytes

Male sporophytes

Which of the following statements about the life cycle of flowering plants is true?

Multiple choice question.

The ovaries of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the anthers of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.

The anthers of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the ovaries of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte.

The anthers of the sporophyte produce the male gametophyte, while the ovaries of the sporophyte produce the female gametophyte.

The ovaries of the gametophyte produce the male sporophyte, while the anthers of the gametophyte produce the female sporophyte.

The embryo sac is the _______ in flowering plants.

Multiple choice question.

female gametophyte

male gametophyte

male sporophyte

female sporophyte

In flowering plants, the female gametophytes are formed within structures called ____, which are found in the ovaries.

The endosperm is a

Multiple choice question.

diploid cell in plants that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes.

tetraploid structure in plants that acts as a food storing tissue.

triploid structure in plants that acts as a food storing tissue.

tetraploid cell in plants that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes.

Fertilization in plants involves all of the following steps except ______.

Multiple choice question.

the sperm cells migrate through the endosperm tissue and eventually reach the site of fertilization

a pollen tube grows through the style and eventually makes contact with an ovule

a pollen grain lands on a stigma and stimulates the tube cell to sprout a pollen tube

the generative cell undergoes mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells

During ovulation in female mammals, the ______ is released from the ovary into the oviduct. If a sperm then penetrates this cell, it is stimulated to complete meiosis II.

Multiple choice question.

secondary oocyte

oogonium

zygote

primary oocyte

Which of the following statements about gametes is true?

Multiple choice question.

Both animals and plants produce gametes by meiosis.

Animals produce gametes by meiosis, while plants produce gametes by mitosis.

Both animals and plants produce gametes by mitosis.

Animals produce gametes by mitosis, while plants produce gametes by meiosis.

In flowering plants, the female gametophyte is a seven-celled structure called the ____ ____.

All of the following are fundamental principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance except ______.

Multiple choice question.

chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

during the formation of haploid cells, different types of chromosomes segregate independently of each other

chromosomes passed along, generation after generation, from parent to offspring

chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from parent to offspring and from cell to cell

each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring

Fertilization in plants involves the formation of a triploid (3n) cell. This cell undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to produce ____, which serves as a nutrition source.

The following are steps of plant fertilization. Arrange them in the proper sequence, starting with the earliest at the top.

Mendel’s law of ____ can be explained by the homologous pairing and separation of chromosomes during meiosis.

In plants, the gametophyte is a haploid multicellular organism formed as a result of repeated ____ cellular divisions of a haploid spore. Inside this gametophyte, some cells become specialized as ____.

A fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance involves the chromosome composition of cells. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, containing chromosomes that are found in ____ pairs. During the process of ____, the two members of each pair segregate into different daughter nuclei.

An endosperm is ____?

What aspect of chromosome behavior is consistent with Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Multiple choice question.

Independent alignment of different homologous pairs along the metaphase I plate

Production of genetically identical daughter cells during mitosis

Replication of chromosomes during the S phase prior to meiosis

Movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles during anaphase II of meiosis

The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of segregation. Specifically, a gamete contains only one copy of each type of chromosome because of which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

The sister chromatids segregate during meiosis I and then again during meiosis II

The homologs segregate during meiosis I and then again during meiosis II

The homologs segregate during meiosis I and the sister chromatids separate during meiosis II

The sister chromatids segregate during meiosis I and the homologs separate during meiosis II

True or false: Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine sex in all species.

All of the following are fundamental principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance except ______.

Multiple choice question.

during the formation of haploid cells, different types of chromosomes segregate independently of each other

each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring

chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from parent to offspring and from cell to cell

chromosomes passed along, generation after generation, from parent to offspring

The random arrangement of homologs along the metaphase plate in meiosis I is consistent with Mendel’s law of ____ ____.

The X-Y system of sex determination is used by ______.

Multiple choice question.

insects

reptiles

birds

mammals

plants

True or false: A heterogametic sex produces two types of sex cells, while a homogametic sex produces sex cells of only one type.

Mendel’s law of ____ can be explained by the homologous pairing and separation of chromosomes during meiosis.

A human cell contains two main types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and ____.

Chromosomes that determine whether an individual is a male or female are called ____ ____.

Which of the following genes plays a key role in male development?

Multiple choice question.

Yac

Sry

Xist

Xec

A fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance involves the chromosome composition of cells. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, containing chromosomes that are found in ____ pairs. During the process of ____, the two members of each pair segregate into different daughter nuclei.

Which of the following statements about the X-0 system of sex determination is true?

Multiple choice question.

The male has one sex chromosome designated X, while the female has another sex chromosome designated 0.

The male has one sex chromosome designated 0, while the female has another sex chromosome designated X.

The male has one sex chromosome (the X) and is designated X0, whereas the female has two X chromosomes.

The female has one sex chromosome (the X) and is designated X0, whereas the male has two X chromosomes.

Which of the following statements about the X-Y system of sex determination is true?

Multiple choice question.

The male is XY and the female is YY.

The male is XY and the female is XX.

The female is XY and the male is XX.

The female is XX and the male is YY.

In many insect species, sex is determined by the ratio between ____ chromosomes and the number of ____ sets.

In humans, the male is known as the ____ sex, because one type of sperm carries only the X chromosome, and another type carries the Y chromosome. The female, on the other hand, is the ____ sex because all eggs carry a single X chromosome.

This figure shows the sex determination mechanisms of various animals. In which animal, are the male and female descriptions switched?

Multiple choice question.

Mammals

Insects

Birds

Bees

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

autosomes

protosomes

euchromatin

heterochromatin

Consider a Drosophila fruit fly that has two sets of autosomes and a sex chromosome composition XXY. This fly would be a(n) ______.

Multiple choice question.

female

male

The gene on the Y chromosome plays a key role in causing the development of male characteristics.

Which of the following statements about the Z-W system of sex determination is true?

Multiple choice question.

The male is ZZ and is the homogametic sex, while the female is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.

The female is ZZ and is the homogametic sex, while the male is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.

The male is WW and is the homogametic sex, while the female is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.

The female is WW and is the homogametic sex, while the male is ZW and is the heterogametic sex.

In the X-0 system of sex determination, the male's chromosomes are listed as ____, whereas the female's chromosomes are listed as ____.

In the haplodiploid system of sex determination, the male is ____, whereas the female is ____.

In Drosophila melanogaster, sex is determined by the ______.

Multiple choice question.

Z-W system of sex chromosomes

X-Y system of sex chromosomes

ratio between X chromosomes and the number of autosomes

ratio between X chromosomes and the number of autosomal sets

Match the animal to its appropriate mechanism of sex determination.

Instructions

A

B

C

D

Haplodiploid system

X-0 system

Z-W system

X-Y system

Select all that apply

Sex-determination systems that are controlled by the environmental temperature are seen in what group of animals?

Multiple select question.

Fish

Birds

Reptiles

Insects

Mammals

An abnormal fruit fly has two sets of autosomes, a single X chromosome, and no Y chromosomes. This fly would be a(n) ______.

Multiple choice question.

male

female

intersex

In the Z-W system of sex determination, the male is designated ______, whereas the female is designated ______.

Consider this testcross between a white-eyed male fruit fly and a heterozygous red-eyed female. The offspring are expected in what proportion?

Multiple choice question.

2 white-eyed males : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female

1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female

2 red-eyed males : 1 red-eyed female : 1 white-eyed female

1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 red-eyed females

1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 white-eyed females

Which of the following statements about the haplodiploid system of sex determination is true?

Multiple choice question.

Males and female workers are haploid, while female queens are diploid.

Males are haploid, while females are diploid.

Females are haploid, while males are diploid.

Males and female queens are diploid, while female workers are haploid.

Multiple Choice Question

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed the red-eyed F₁ generation fruit flies with each other, the F₂ generation included both red-eyed and white-eyed individuals. Interestingly, all the white-eyed flies were male. What did these results indicate?

Multiple choice question.

The eye color gene was on the Y chromosome

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by female-specific non-chromosome factors

The eye color gene was on the X chromosome

The eye color gene was on an autosome

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by male-specific non-chromosome factors

In the American alligator, sex is determined by the ______.

Multiple choice question.

haplodiploid system

environmental temperature

X-0 chromosomal system

X-Y chromosomal system

Z-W chromosomal system

Genes that are physically located on the X chromosome are called X- ____ genes.

What ratio of offspring is expected from this cross of two Drosophila flies (X^w- Y x X^w+ X^w+)?

Multiple choice question.

1 red-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female

1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed female

1 white-eyed male : 1 white-eyed female

1 white-eyed male : 1 red-eyed female

Which of the following is an example of a testcross in Drosophila melanogaster?

Multiple choice question.

A cross between a red-eyed male and a white-eyed female

A cross between a white-eyed male and a white-eyed female

A cross between a white-eyed male and a red-eyed female

In his experiment, Morgan crossed a red-eyed female with a white-eyed male. Which of the following results allowed Morgan to conclude that the locus affecting eye color was on the X chromosome?

Multiple choice question.

In the F1 generation, all male and female flies had red eyes.

In the F2 generation, all males had red eyes, while half of the females had red eyes and the other half had white eyes.

In the F2 generation, all females had red eyes, while half of the males had red eyes and the other half had white eyes.

In the F2 generation, half of males and females had red eyes, while the other half had white eyes.

In the F1 generation, all male and female flies had white eyes.

_______ genes are those that are physically located on the X chromosome.

Multiple choice question.

X-associated

X-linked

X-limited

X-influenced

In a Drosophila melanogaster ____, a fly with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is mated to one that has a recessive phenotype.

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed the red-eyed F₁ generation fruit flies with each other, the F₂ generation included both red-eyed and white-eyed individuals. Interestingly, all the white-eyed flies were male. What did these results indicate?

Multiple choice question.

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by female-specific non-chromosome factors

The eye color gene was on the X chromosome

Eye color in fruit flies is influenced by male-specific non-chromosome factors

The eye color gene was on an autosome

The eye color gene was on the Y chromosome