front 1 What is Spontaneous Generation? | back 1 an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decoposing matter. (ex flies from manure, maggots/flies) |
front 2 What type of experiment was done to disprove spontaneous generation? | back 2 Redi's Experimet |
front 3 Who disproved spontaneous generation? | back 3 Louis Pasteur |
front 4 What is the theory of Biogenesis? | back 4 The idea that living things can only arise from other living things. |
front 5 Who proved the Theory of Biogenesis? | back 5 Louis Pasteur |
front 6 Who had the first demonstration of bacterial disease? | back 6 Robert Koch in 1876 |
front 7 Who was Ignaz Semmelweis? | back 7 Austrian physician that realized that disease was being carried from the autopsy room to maternity ward. He also promoted hand washing. He look at death of mothers caused by puerperal fever or childbirth fever associated with childbirth. |
front 8 What did Joseph Lister do? | back 8 An English surgeon who promoted heat and chemical sterilization. He introduced the aseptic technique to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections. |
front 9 Who was Florence Nightingale? | back 9 Founder of modern nursing and introduced antiseptic technique into nursing practice. |
front 10 What did John Snow discover? | back 10 Figured out that the London Cholera epidemic in 1854 was caused from infected water pump. |
front 11 What did Edward Jenner do? | back 11 Used cowpox to vaccinate for smallpox in 1796. |
front 12 Hans Christian Gram | back 12 introduced gram stain, 1884. |
front 13 Dmitri Ivanovski | back 13 1892, discovered viruses |
front 14 What did the Electron Microscope do? | back 14 Allowed Virology to become a major discipline by 1950s. |
front 15 What is Taxonomy? | back 15 Organizing, classifying, and naming living things. |
front 16 Who started Taxonomy? | back 16 Carl Von Linne |
front 17 What is taxonomy concerned with? | back 17 Classification (arragement of organisms into groups)
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front 18 What is a Taxon? | back 18 a group of organisms of any rank that is sufficiently distinct to be worthy of a name. (plural=taxa) |
front 19 What is Rank? | back 19 a category or level in a hierarchical classification. |
front 20 What is the taxonomy list? | back 20 Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, species.
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front 21 Classification | back 21 the delimiting order and ranking of taxa |
front 22 Identification | back 22 is the determination of the taxonomic identity of an organism |
front 23 Norman Pace | back 23 came up with the tree to classify different types of microbes |
front 24 Nomenclature | back 24 is the process of assigning names to the different taxonomic ranks of each species |
front 25 Binomial System of Nomenclature | back 25 a system of naming requiring that the scientific name will always consist of a combination of the genus name and the specific epithet. |
front 26 How is Specific names of species written? | back 26 Genus name is capitalied
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front 27 Phylogeny | back 27 natural relatedness between groups of organisms |
front 28 evolution | back 28 all new species originate from preexisting species.
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front 29 What are the 6 I's in studying microorganisms? | back 29 1. Inoculation
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front 30 How do you incubate a microorganism? | back 30 In the same condition you found it in. |
front 31 What is Inoculation? | back 31 Producing a culture. |
front 32 What are common specimens for inoculation? | back 32 body fluids, tissues, foods, waters or soil. |
front 33 Selection of media with specialized functions can improve later steps of isolation and identification. Some microbes may require a live organism as the inoculation medium (animal or egg). | back 33 no data |
front 34 Incubation | back 34 growing the inoculum under the right conditions |
front 35 How long do you incubate for? | back 35 setting the optimum temperature and gas cotent promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days and even weeks. |
front 36 What is isolation? | back 36 separating one species from another. The macroscopic product of incubating the inoculum. |
front 37 What type of culture is ideal? | back 37 a pure culture. |
front 38 What is a colony? | back 38 A discrete mound of cells of one species formed from a single original cell. |
front 39 What are the different ways to isolate a species? | back 39 Streak plate method, loop dilution (pour plate), spread plate. |
front 40 What are the conditions for media preparation? | back 40 Asepsis and Aseptic technique |
front 41 What is Asepsis? | back 41 the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms |
front 42 What is Aseptic technique? | back 42 Sterile technique. Means that sterile media and inoculating tools must be used. |
front 43 What are the 3 categories or media classification? | back 43 Physical state (medium's normal consistency), chemical composition (type of chemicals medium contains), functional type (purpose of medium) |
front 44 What are the 4 types of physical states of medium? | back 44 1. Liquid
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front 45 What are the types of chemical compositions? | back 45 1. Synthetic (chemically defined)
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front 46 Types of Function Types for media classification? | back 46 1. General purpose
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front 47 Example of liquid media | back 47 Broths and milk |
front 48 example of semisolid media | back 48 sim media
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front 49 semisolid media | back 49 has a stab zone that shows if media moves. Cloudy/ turbitity is how you can tell if it has motility. |
front 50 Examples of Solid Media | back 50 TSA- was liquid and will liquify
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front 51 What is synthetic media? | back 51 chemically defined, man made |
front 52 what is non-synthetic media (complex)? | back 52 non chemically define.
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front 53 What is enriched media? | back 53 For fastidious bacteria (hard to grow bacteria)
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front 54 What is selective media? | back 54 only grows certain types bacteria.
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front 55 What does Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar grow and what type of media is it? | back 55 It is a selective media that will only grow E Coli because of its antibacterial properties in the dye. |
front 56 What does Mac Conkey Agar grow and what type of media is it? | back 56 It is a selective media that grows intestinal parasites. |
front 57 What is differential media? | back 57 Media that produces some sort of change.
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front 58 What is Thioglycollate broth? | back 58 Media that looks at oxygen requirement.
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front 59 What is fermentation media? | back 59 Uses Durham Fermentation tubes and Phenol red to show PH and to see if it breaks down sugar. It also shows gas. |
front 60 What is an Aerobe?
| back 60 Aerobe requires oxygen.
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front 61 What is facultative anaerobe? | back 61 Means it can do with or without oxygen. |
front 62 What is obligate anaerobe? | back 62 means it can not live with oxygen. |
front 63 What is subculturing? | back 63 The process of further isolation, to prodcue a pure culture. |
front 64 Where do contaminated colonies usually form? | back 64 They hang out on the edge of the plate. |
front 65 What is inspection? | back 65 4th step in culturing microorganism. It is macroscopic observation of the oclonies and microscopic observations (staining smears). |
front 66 What is identification? | back 66 To identify the species and/or strain. The 5th step in methods for culturing microorganism. |
front 67 What is an autoclave?
| back 67 Autoclave is used to sterilize instruments with heat.
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front 68 What is magnification? | back 68 the ability to enlarge objects. |
front 69 What is resolution? | back 69 ability to show detail. |
front 70 What is maginification in microscopes a result from? | back 70 an interaction between visible light waves and the curvature of a lens. |
front 71 The extent of enlargement is the what? | back 71 Magnification |
front 72 What were the 4 early types of microscopes? | back 72 1. Martin pocket microscope
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front 73 What is the total magnification? | back 73 is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses.
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front 74 What is Resolution? | back 74 The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects. It depends on the wavelength of light that forms the image along with characteristics of the objectives.
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front 75 When you have a shorter wave length, can you see the resolution and details better? true or false | back 75 true |
front 76 Shorter wave lengths can? | back 76 Enter the small spaces and produce a more detailed image that is recognizable as a flea. |
front 77 What is a Transmission Electron Microscope? | back 77 Transmit the electrons through the specimen.
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front 78 What is a scanning electron microscope? | back 78 provides a detailed three dimensional view. You can see surface. |
front 79 Which microscope has to use a dead organism and can't see color? | back 79 Scanning Electron Microscope |
front 80 Toxoplasma gondii is what type or microorganism? | back 80 Protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis |
front 81 What type of preparation allows you to see live, motile organisms? | back 81 Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts. |
front 82 What type of preparation is temporary? | back 82 wet mounts and hanging drop mounts. |
front 83 What does wet mount and hanging drop mount preparations allow you to examine? | back 83 The characteristics of live cells, the size, shape, motility and arrangement. |
front 84 What is a fixed mount? | back 84 a permanent prepared slide that is a smear that is stained using dyes for permit visulaization of cells or cell parts. |
front 85 What type of slide is a hanging drop slide? | back 85 a depression slide |
front 86 Do you need to use a slide cover with smear that is stained? | back 86 no |
front 87 How do you made a fixed or stained smear? | back 87 Using heat fixation |
front 88 What are heat fixations 2 accomplishments? | back 88 fixes specimen to slide and kills specimen. |
front 89 What type of charge does basic have? | back 89 positive charge |
front 90 what type of charge does acidic have? | back 90 negative charge |
front 91 What are the advantages of negative or background staining? | back 91 size is more acccurate (because head is not suded which causes shrinking)
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front 92 If we have acidic and basic dyes to stain bacterial cells and if bacterial cells are negatively charged, which dye is going to do a better job? | back 92 basic or positively charged stains. |
front 93 All bacteria cells are _________ charged? | back 93 negatively |
front 94 What are the 2 subtypes of positive stain? | back 94 Simple stains and differential stains |
front 95 What is a simple stain? | back 95 uses one type of stain.
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front 96 What is a differential stain? | back 96 uses 2 dyes, primary and counterstain to differentiate between 2 cell tupes or cell parts.
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front 97 what are the steps for gram stains? | back 97 1. crystal violet, gram's iodine (mordant), alcohol, safranin |
front 98 What is an example of acid-fast stain? | back 98 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae and some spp. of Nocardia. |
front 99 What is the purpose of acid fast stain? | back 99 hard to get into the cell wall and acid allows you to get into the cell wall and stain. |
front 100 Capsule stains | back 100 allow protection from phagocytes and has an outer gelatinous or slimy layer.
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front 101 What is the purpose of a flagellar stain? | back 101 to visualize flagella with light microscope. |
front 102 What is a flagellar stain considered? | back 102 special stain. |
front 103 What are halophiles? | back 103 a type of extremophile. They can live in high salt contents, higher than the ocean. example- dead sea and salt lake in Utah. |
front 104 What is Glycocalyx? | back 104 Surface coating of Prokaryote |
front 105 What are the 2 major groups of Appendages? | back 105 Motility (flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)) and Attachment or channels (fimbriae and pili) |
front 106 What are the 3 parts of Flagella? | back 106 Filament (long, thin helical structure composed of protein flagellin)
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front 107 How does a prokaryote flagella move? | back 107 rotates 360 degrees |
front 108 What are the 4 types of flagellar arrangements? | back 108 Monotrichous- sperm
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front 109 What is periplasmic flagella? | back 109 internal flagella that is between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan. |
front 110 What 2 structures is perplasmic flagella between? | back 110 outer sheath and cell wall of peptidoglycan |
front 111 What type of motion does perplasmic flagella produce? | back 111 motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion. |
front 112 What are Fimbriae? | back 112 hair like bristles emerging from the cell surface |
front 113 What is the Fimbriae made of, and what are their function? | back 113 made of proteinaceous material and adhesion to other cells and surfaces. |
front 114 what is pili? | back 114 rigid tubular structure that joins bacterial cells together for partial DNA transfer called conjugation. (cell sex) |
front 115 What is pili made of? | back 115 pilin protein |
front 116 Where are pili found? | back 116 only in gram negative cells |
front 117 What is the cell envelope? | back 117 covering outside of the cytoplasm, maintains cell integrity. |
front 118 What are the 2 basic layers of the cell envelope? | back 118 cell wall and cell membrane |
front 119 what type of cell wall is there in a positive gram stain bacteria? | back 119 thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and cell membrane. |
front 120 what type of cell wall is there in a negative gram stain bacteria? | back 120 thin peptidoglyan layer and cell membrane. |
front 121 How does the gram stain work? | back 121 It uses alcohol to wash away lipid layer. |
front 122 What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx? | back 122 Slime layer and capsule |
front 123 how is the slime layer organized? | back 123 loosely organized and attached |
front 124 how is the capsule layer organized? | back 124 highly organaized and tightly attached. |
front 125 what are the functions of Glycocalyx? | back 125 protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss.
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front 126 what does the cell wall do? | back 126 determines cell shape, prevents lysis due to changing osmotic pressures. |
front 127 what is peptidoglycan a primary component in? | back 127 cell wall |
front 128 how thick is the layer of peptidoglycan in a gram positivve cell wall? | back 128 20-80 nm |
front 129 what does a gram positive cell wall include? | back 129 teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid |
front 130 what is found on the outer layer for a gram negative cell wall? | back 130 lipopolysaccharides |
front 131 what is found in the lipid portion of a gram negative cell wall? | back 131 endotoxin, which may be release during infections. |
front 132 What may function as receptors and blocking immune response? | back 132 outer membrane (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) |
front 133 What is porin? | back 133 proteins in upper layer of gram negative cell wall. |
front 134 What do porins do? | back 134 regulate molecules entering and leaving cells. |
front 135 What is important basis of bacterial classification and identification? | back 135 the gram stain. |
front 136 What are 2 difference in gram negative and gram positive cells? | back 136 gram negative have LPS and contain endotoxcins and gram positive have teichoic and lipoteichoic acids to stimulate specific immune response (antigenicity) from the patient. |
front 137 what is it called when a gram positive cell wall structure has a lipid mycolic acid? | back 137 cord factor |
front 138 What is the name of the organism that has no cell wall? | back 138 Mycoplasm |
front 139 What is the cell wall stabilized by in Mycoplasma? | back 139 sterols |
front 140 What does pleomorphic mean? | back 140 can change shape. |
front 141 What is the phospholipid bilayer embedded with? | back 141 proteins-fluid mosaic model
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front 142 what are the functions of the cell membrane? | back 142 providing site for energy reactions, nutrient processing and synthesis.
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front 143 what is an aquaporins function? | back 143 water leaves through this |
front 144 what is cytoplasm and what does it contain? | back 144 denses gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids and salts. It is 70-80% waters and serves as solvent for materials used in cell functions. |
front 145 What is mesosomes? | back 145 internal folds in cytoplasm. |
front 146 What does mesosomes do? | back 146 increase the internal surgace area available for membrane activities. This is the internal surface of prokaryotic cell. |
front 147 What does a Prokaryote have instead of a nucleus? | back 147 Nucleoid |
front 148 What is an endospore? | back 148 hard to kill cell that is formed when a bacteria feels threatened and environmental sources are depleted. It hoards food if there are environmental changes. |
front 149 Prokaryote chromosome is what? | back 149 single circular, double stranded DNA molecule that has genetic informationrequired by a cell. |
front 150 Plasmids | back 150 free small circular double stranded DNA, not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism. Used in genetic engineering. |
front 151 What do ribosomes doe? | back 151 make proteins |
front 152 bacterial ribosomes are made of what? | back 152 60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein |
front 153 What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes? | back 153 large and small |
front 154 How do the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes differ? | back 154 in the size and number of proteins. |
front 155 What is the site of protein synthesis? | back 155 Ribosomes |
front 156 What are inclusions and granules? | back 156 a bacterial internal structure that serves as an intracellular storage body. They varie in size, number and content. |
front 157 What are examples of endospores? | back 157 Clostridium, Bacillus and Sporosarcina |
front 158 What is the 2 phase life cycle of an endospore? | back 158 Vegetative cell and the endospore. |