Study Guide for Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy: Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decoposing matter. (ex flies from manure, maggots/flies)

Redi's Experimet

Louis Pasteur

The idea that living things can only arise from other living things.

Louis Pasteur

Robert Koch in 1876

Austrian physician that realized that disease was being carried from the autopsy room to maternity ward. He also promoted hand washing. He look at death of mothers caused by puerperal fever or childbirth fever associated with childbirth.

An English surgeon who promoted heat and chemical sterilization. He introduced the aseptic technique to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections.

Founder of modern nursing and introduced antiseptic technique into nursing practice.

Figured out that the London Cholera epidemic in 1854 was caused from infected water pump.

Used cowpox to vaccinate for smallpox in 1796.

introduced gram stain, 1884.

1892, discovered viruses

Allowed Virology to become a major discipline by 1950s.

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

Carl Von Linne

Classification (arragement of organisms into groups)
Nomenclature (assigning names)
Identification (determining and reording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes)

a group of organisms of any rank that is sufficiently distinct to be worthy of a name. (plural=taxa)

a category or level in a hierarchical classification.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, species.
(King Phillip came over for great sex)

the delimiting order and ranking of taxa

is the determination of the taxonomic identity of an organism

came up with the tree to classify different types of microbes

is the process of assigning names to the different taxonomic ranks of each species

a system of naming requiring that the scientific name will always consist of a combination of the genus name and the specific epithet.

Genus name is capitalied
Species is lowercase
both are italicized when typed or underlined when written

natural relatedness between groups of organisms

all new species originate from preexisting species.
Closely relatedorganisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms.
Evolution usually prgresses toward greater complexity.

1. Inoculation
2.Incubation
3.Isolation
4. Inspection
5.Infomation Gathering
6. Identification

In the same condition you found it in.

Producing a culture.

body fluids, tissues, foods, waters or soil.

...

growing the inoculum under the right conditions

setting the optimum temperature and gas cotent promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days and even weeks.

separating one species from another. The macroscopic product of incubating the inoculum.

a pure culture.

A discrete mound of cells of one species formed from a single original cell.

Streak plate method, loop dilution (pour plate), spread plate.

Asepsis and Aseptic technique

the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms

Sterile technique. Means that sterile media and inoculating tools must be used.

Physical state (medium's normal consistency), chemical composition (type of chemicals medium contains), functional type (purpose of medium)

1. Liquid
2. Semisolid
3. Solid (can be converted to liquid)
4. Solid (cannot be liquefied)

1. Synthetic (chemically defined)
2. Nonsynthetic (not chemically defined)

1. General purpose
2. Enriched- extra nutrients
3. Selective- (only certain things will grow)
4. Differential
5 Anaerobic growth-grows only organisms with no O2

Broths and milk

sim media
sulfur indole motility

has a stab zone that shows if media moves. Cloudy/ turbitity is how you can tell if it has motility.

TSA- was liquid and will liquify
rice grains- never in a liquid state
also can use cooked meat

chemically defined, man made

non chemically define.
example tsa- made from seaweed

For fastidious bacteria (hard to grow bacteria)
example- sheep blood agar, enriched TSA with blood

only grows certain types bacteria.
example- MSA mannitol salt agar- will only grow staph species because of salt. (salt will kill other bacteria)

It is a selective media that will only grow E Coli because of its antibacterial properties in the dye.

It is a selective media that grows intestinal parasites.

Media that produces some sort of change.
example- it causes a change in ph or color.

Media that looks at oxygen requirement.
examples- Facultative Anaerobe, Aerobe, Obligate Anaerobe.

Uses Durham Fermentation tubes and Phenol red to show PH and to see if it breaks down sugar. It also shows gas.

Aerobe requires oxygen.
Anaerobe doesn't

Means it can do with or without oxygen.

means it can not live with oxygen.

The process of further isolation, to prodcue a pure culture.

They hang out on the edge of the plate.

4th step in culturing microorganism. It is macroscopic observation of the oclonies and microscopic observations (staining smears).

To identify the species and/or strain. The 5th step in methods for culturing microorganism.

Autoclave is used to sterilize instruments with heat.
Incinerator is machine that burns to sterilize or destroy.

the ability to enlarge objects.

ability to show detail.

an interaction between visible light waves and the curvature of a lens.

Magnification

1. Martin pocket microscope
2 Nairne chest microscope
3.Nuremberg "toy" microscope
4. Solar Microscope by Dolland

is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses.
objective power x ocular power= total magnification.

The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects. It depends on the wavelength of light that forms the image along with characteristics of the objectives.
(example hands/balls, flagellar or legs)

true

Enter the small spaces and produce a more detailed image that is recognizable as a flea.

Transmit the electrons through the specimen.
Darker areas indicate more transparetn, less dense parts.

provides a detailed three dimensional view. You can see surface.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts.

wet mounts and hanging drop mounts.

The characteristics of live cells, the size, shape, motility and arrangement.

a permanent prepared slide that is a smear that is stained using dyes for permit visulaization of cells or cell parts.

a depression slide

no

Using heat fixation

fixes specimen to slide and kills specimen.

positive charge

negative charge

size is more acccurate (because head is not suded which causes shrinking)
Better for spirochetes since they don't stain well (with a positive stain)
It is simpler to do (since there is not smear prep and no heat fixation)

basic or positively charged stains.

negatively

Simple stains and differential stains

uses one type of stain.
example- Methylene blue, basic fuchsin or carbol fuchsin and crystal violet, malachite green and safranin.

uses 2 dyes, primary and counterstain to differentiate between 2 cell tupes or cell parts.
Example- gram stain.

1. crystal violet, gram's iodine (mordant), alcohol, safranin

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae and some spp. of Nocardia.

hard to get into the cell wall and acid allows you to get into the cell wall and stain.

allow protection from phagocytes and has an outer gelatinous or slimy layer.
negatively stained background, positively stained cell and halo.

to visualize flagella with light microscope.

special stain.

a type of extremophile. They can live in high salt contents, higher than the ocean. example- dead sea and salt lake in Utah.

Surface coating of Prokaryote

Motility (flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)) and Attachment or channels (fimbriae and pili)

Filament (long, thin helical structure composed of protein flagellin)
Hook- curved sheath
Basal body- stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall

rotates 360 degrees

Monotrichous- sperm
lophotrichous- octopus
amphitrichous- tails at each end
peritrichous- all over

internal flagella that is between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan.

outer sheath and cell wall of peptidoglycan

motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion.

hair like bristles emerging from the cell surface

made of proteinaceous material and adhesion to other cells and surfaces.

rigid tubular structure that joins bacterial cells together for partial DNA transfer called conjugation. (cell sex)

pilin protein

only in gram negative cells

covering outside of the cytoplasm, maintains cell integrity.

cell wall and cell membrane

thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and cell membrane.

thin peptidoglyan layer and cell membrane.

It uses alcohol to wash away lipid layer.

Slime layer and capsule

loosely organized and attached

highly organaized and tightly attached.

protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss.
inhibits killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis
attachemnt- formation of biofilms.

determines cell shape, prevents lysis due to changing osmotic pressures.

cell wall

20-80 nm

teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

lipopolysaccharides

endotoxin, which may be release during infections.

outer membrane (lipopolysaccharides (LPS))

proteins in upper layer of gram negative cell wall.

regulate molecules entering and leaving cells.

the gram stain.

gram negative have LPS and contain endotoxcins and gram positive have teichoic and lipoteichoic acids to stimulate specific immune response (antigenicity) from the patient.

cord factor

Mycoplasm

sterols

can change shape.

proteins-fluid mosaic model
phosphate head
lipid tail

providing site for energy reactions, nutrient processing and synthesis.
passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes.
cell membrane is selectively permeable

water leaves through this

denses gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids and salts. It is 70-80% waters and serves as solvent for materials used in cell functions.

internal folds in cytoplasm.

increase the internal surgace area available for membrane activities. This is the internal surface of prokaryotic cell.

Nucleoid

hard to kill cell that is formed when a bacteria feels threatened and environmental sources are depleted. It hoards food if there are environmental changes.

single circular, double stranded DNA molecule that has genetic informationrequired by a cell.

free small circular double stranded DNA, not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism. Used in genetic engineering.

make proteins

60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein

large and small

in the size and number of proteins.

Ribosomes

a bacterial internal structure that serves as an intracellular storage body. They varie in size, number and content.

Clostridium, Bacillus and Sporosarcina

Vegetative cell and the endospore.