chapters 11 and 12 Flashcards

Microbiological contaminants are best described as

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all of the following, except:

Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls?

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is:

The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is:

The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects is:

The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is:

Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is:

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

Sterilization is achieved by:

Dry heat:

Endospores can be killed by:

A. dry heat at 170° C for 2 hours.

B. incineration.

C. glutaldehyde for 3 or more hours.

D. ethylene oxide for 3 or more hours.

The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are:

Disinfection of beverages, such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by:

Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes?

A.ground beef and other meat and poultry

B. human tissues such as heart valves and skin

C. operating room air

D. surgical gloves

HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from:

Which of the following does not contain a heavy metal?

All of the following are phenols or phenolics, except:

. The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are:

All of the following pertain to hypochlorites, except:

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

Iodophors include:

The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings and is used increasingly for hand scrubbing, neonatal washes, wound degerming, and prepping surgical skin sites is:

Alcohols:

A. denature proteins when in a 50–95% solution.

B. are used to disinfect items by soaking.

C. are skin degerming agents.

D. at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids.

Which is mismatched?

A. Sodium hypochlorite - chlorine

B. Iodophor - iodine

C. Benzalkonium chloride - quaternary ammonium compound

D. Merthiolate - silver E. Formalin - formaldehyde

All of the following are correct about iodophors, except:

The sterilizing gas used in a special chamber is:

The chemical agent that produces highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also decomposes to O2 gas is:

All the following are correct about detergents, except:

Ethylene oxide is:

Which of the following is being used to replace hypochlorites in treating water because of the possibility of cancer-causing substances being produced?

Which of the following chemicals is a disinfectant for soft contact lenses?

Which of the following is officially accepted as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant?

All of the following are correct about food irradiation, except:

All of the following are benefits of food irradiation, except:

All of the following are methods of disinfection or sterilization, except:

Historically, which of the following was instilled into the eyes of newborn infants to prevent gonococcal infections?

Which common hospital pathogen is able to grow abundantly in soap dishes?

All of the following are correct about the autoclave, except:

Which of the following types of agents targets protein conformation?

Using toilet bowl cleaner and nonionizing radiation to inanimate surfaces only removes or kills vegetative bacteria. The term that best describes this action is:

Which of these metals have antimicrobial properties associated with them?

Commercial products containing which types of chemicals are more effective at killing microorganisms?

Bacteriocidal agents are sterilants.

Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.

The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.

When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.

A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing could be considered dead.

Most microbial contaminants of food are killed at freezing temperatures.

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

Antimicrobics effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

Antibiotics are derived from all the following except

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs include

A.readily delivered to the site of infection.

B. high toxicity against microbial cells.

C. do not cause serious side effects in humans.

D. remains active in body tissues and fluids.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause

Penicillins and cephalosporins

Sulfonamides

Aminoglycosides

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

All of the following pertain to cephalosporins except

Which antimicrobic does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Gram negative bacilli are often treated with

This drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis

Which antimicrobic does not interfere with protein synthesis?

Which of these drugs is useful in treating infections by methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus?

All of the following pertain to fluoroquinolones except

Antimicrobics that are macrolides

The drug that can cause aplastic anemia, and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses is

The drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria, that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis is

The most versatile and useful antifungal drug that is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is

The drug used for several protozoan infections is

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because these organisms

Which of the following is not a mode of action of an antiviral?

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

Antivirals that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat

Acyclovir is used to treat

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobics include

A.bacterial chromosomal mutations.

B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.

C. prevention of drug entry into the cell.

D. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.

The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes cause

Side effects that occur in patient tissues while they are on antimicrobic drugs include all the following except

A superinfection results from

Drug susceptibility testing

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobics in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the

Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed

A "shotgun" approach to antimicrobial therapy involves

Which of the following will influence a physician's decision to prescribe an antimicrobial?

A. patient age

B. pregnancy

C. liver function

D. alcohol use

All of the following could be reasons why antimicrobic treatment fails except

All of the following are correct about allergic reactions to drugs except

Which bacteria does Levaquin target?

A. Streptococcus pneumoniae

B. Haemophilus influenzae

C. Moraxella catarrhalis

D. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

All of the following are correct about Tamiflu and Relenza except

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

A semisynthetic antibiotic is a drug which is chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources.

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections.

The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobic required to inhibit the growth of the microbe.

Drugs that are hepatotoxic cause damage to a patient's kidneys.

An antimicrobic with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface.

Levaquin, a fluoroquinolone, kills viruses.