micro unit 3 Flashcards

A patient who has recently undergone a total joint replacement surgery is given antibiotics prior to dental procedures.

A patient infected with HIV usually takes several different anti-HIV medications, including a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, one or more protease inhibitors, and an integrase inhibitor

Trimethoprim and sulfomethoxazole are often used together because they inhibit two successive steps in the folate biosynthetic pathway and this inhibition is greater than when either drug is used alone.

five primary modes of actions of antimicrobial drugs.

choose the major challenge of antiviral therapy

select the three primary mechanisms by which antiviral medications work.

Please choose the term used to describe the type of antimicrobial resistance that is of most concern today.

select the three ways in which microorganisms acquire antimicrobial resistance.

select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.

select the strategies that can be used to reduce the level of antimicrobial drug resistance

select the three major mechanisms by which antimicrobial resistance genes are shared and spread among microbial populations.

select the term that encompasses adverse responses to antimicrobial drugs such as hives, respiratory difficulties, and anaphylaxis.

choose the statement that best describes superinfection.

choose the statement which best describes the goal(s) of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Please place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of entry, establishment, and exit of infectious agents.

Carrier has infection but it is not apparent.

Carrier transmits infection before or after the period of symptoms.

label the image to test your understanding of how communicable infectious diseases are acquired.

Please identify the four most significant interactions between humans and the microbes that live in and on our bodies.

Please choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

choose the statement that describes the initial acquisition and development of normal microbiota.

Please order the following steps a microorganism takes in establishing an infection.

A(n) ______ pathogen causes disease in a healthy individual with a normal immune response, whereas a(n) ______ pathogen will not cause disease in a normal healthy host, but instead causes disease only when a host’s defenses are compromised in some way.

Select the body sites that serve as portals of entry for microbes

The minimum number of organisms necessary to enter through the portal of entry and establish infection is the ____________

select all of the specialized structures used by microorganisms to adhere to their host.

choose the best definition of virulence factors.

select the factors below that contribute to a microorganism’s invasiveness.

select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

1. appearance of first early, nonspecific symptoms

2. Microorganism is multiplying rapidly and causing fever and specific disease symptoms

3. decline of symptoms and return to a state of health

4. period of time from initial contact with pathogen to appearance of very first symptoms

Please match the description to the pattern of infection.

1. more severe infection, rapid onset
2. an infection that has spread to multiple body sites and tissue fluids; no longer restricted to one body site
3. Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
4. an infection that progresses and persists over a longer period of time; symptoms often less severe
5. a subsequent infection with a different microbe that may occur following an initial infection

Reservoirs are always humans or other animals.

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates is its ________.

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without notice is a _______.

Please match the terms with the statements that most accurately describe them.

1. an individual who shelters a pathogen for a long period of time after recovery (example: Typhoid Mary)

2. a healthy individual who is infected but shows no symptoms
3. an individual recovering from a disease who continues to shed the pathogen during recuperation
4. an individual who picks up a pathogen while handling patients or contaminated supplies and spreads it to other individuals (frequently involved in nosocomial disease transmission)

choose the statement that provides correct information about zoonoses.

A ________ infectious disease, such as a urinary tract infection, is not transmitted from person to person, whereas an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenza, is referred to as a ________ infectious disease.

select the patterns of direct (contact) transmission of infectious disease.

select the patterns of indirect (vehicle) transmission of infectious disease.

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person’s stay in the hospital is a _________ infection.

select the three most prevalent types of nosocomial infections.

Universal precautions are specifically intended for the handling of patients and specimens known to be infected with pathogens such as HIV.

The study of the frequency and distribution

1. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected for the population
2. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected, not just in a limited geographic area or population, but on more than one continent
3. a disease pattern in which occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locations
4. a disease pattern with a relatively stable frequency over a long time period

order the four steps of Koch’s postulates as they would normally be applied.

choose the statement that best describes the use of Koch’s postulates.

What allows Salmonella to enter the intestinal cell?

What cell component helps pull the Salmonella cells into the cell?

A second protein secretion system results in

How does the protective coating help Salmonella evade destruction?

What occurs within the protective coating?

name the different types of occurences

The ______ is the sum total of genetic material in a cell.

In eukaryotic cells, what cellular structure is composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule?

select all of the characteristics of DNA to test your understanding of its chemical structure.

DNA is the blueprint that indicates which kinds of proteins to make and how to make them.

Genetic ______ and the variations they produce result in population changes and thus, evolution.

When one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, a type of genetic recombination known as _________ has occurred.

Transformation is a mode of genetic recombination in which a plasmid is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection.

The acceptance by a bacterial cell of small DNA fragments from the surrounding environment is termed ________.

Please label the image to review how various antimicrobial agents alter protein structure and function.

1. use of a gaseous or liquid microbicide to destroy microorganisms
2. use of a filter to remove microorganisms from liquids or air
3. use of heat or radiation to destroy microorganisms

Please order the following microbes or microbial forms in terms of their resistance to control methods, beginning with those that are mostresistant.

1. complete removal or destruction of all microbial forms
2. destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens (but not endospores) from inanimate surfaces
3. destruction of vegetative pathogens on skin and tissue
4. techniques that prevent the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissue
5. cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate surfaces

A chemical labeled as ________ will inhibit bacterial growth but will not kill them.

1. use of chlorohexidine to prepare the skin prior to surgery
2. applying an antimicrobial chemical to your lab bench following completion of lab activities
3. use of an autoclave to prepare surgical instruments
4. wearing gloves and a face mask while performing surgery
5. cleaning eating utensils and plates in a restaurant

Please choose the statement that best defines microbial death.

select the factors below that influence the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent.

select the four primary targets of antimicrobial control agents.

choose the statement that identifies the major disadvantage of both cold and desiccation in terms of microbial control.

select the appropriate applications of cold and desiccation as microbial control strategies.

Energy emitted as a result of atomic activity and dispersed at high velocity through matter and space is known as _______

choose the answer that correctly fills in the blanks of this sentence in order. _______radiation has good penetrating power and can be used for cold sterilization, whereas _______ radiation doesn’t penetrate well and is more often used for disinfection purposes.

A(n) _______ would be used to destroy bacteria on a countertop whereas a(n) _______ would be used on skin prior to making an incision.

select the factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemicals.

Please select the statement that describes the antimicrobial activity of alcohols.

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

When forming a semi-solid gel such as gelatin, what type of molecule does the process of protein coagulation entrap?

True or false: All cases of Hepatitis C present with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

The patients who contracted HCV in this case were infected due to which of the following?

HCV is mainly transmitted through what means?

True or false: All of the patients with acute HCV in this case were infected with strains of HCV that were genetically identical.

What is genetics?

What is a genome? What is the genome of bacteria, animals and plants?

What are the levels of genetic study?

How is a genotype different from a phenotype?

Describe the structure of DNA.

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Which nitrogenous bases always hydrogen bond in pairs holding the two strands of DNA together?

What enzyme makes a DNA copy of DNA?

What enzyme makes an RNA copy of DNA?

What is transcription?

What is translation?

What does the ribosome do?

What is a codon?

What is a mutation?

Describe three means of genetic recombination in bacteria.

Describe a biofilm.

What microbes can be in a biofilm?

What are planktonic cells?

What are sessile cells?

How do bacteria communicate?

Define and differentiate among the major terms for microbial control.

Identify the parameters of microbial death and describe several factors that influence the rate of death.

Identify the targets of antimicrobial control agents.

1. Describe how each of the following physical methods suppresses microbial growth.

1. heat
2. cold
3. desiccation
4. ionizing and nonionizing radiation
5. filtration

Differentiate between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in their modes of action.

Define the three levels of chemical decontamination procedures and place the following chemical agents in their appropriate category.

Describe how soap and alcohol work to kill germs.

State the goals of antimicrobial therapy.

What is selective toxicity?

Discuss the various origins of antimicrobial drugs

Summarize the five modes of action of antimicrobial drugs.

Explain how penicillin, vancomycin, zithromax and amoxillcillin work.

What is competitive inhibition?

List 2 genetic events that cause microbes to become resistant to drugs.

Explain 4 general mechanisms of drug resistance.

Why are there so few antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral drugs?

What are 3 adverse effects of antimicrobic drugs on the host?

What is the difference between infection and disease?

Where do you find normal microbiota?

Which sites of the body are microbe-free?

List several factors that predispose a person to disease.

Differentiate among the different portals of entry and give examples of pathogens that invade by these means.

Explain what is meant by the infectious dose, using examples.

Describe the process of adhesion and various mechanisms by which microbes use it to gain entry.

Describe the clinical stages of infection. (4 periods of disease)

Discuss the major portals of exit and how they influence the end stages of infection and disease.

List several examples of exoenzymes and their activities.

Compare and contrast the major characteristics of exotoxins and endotoxins

What are reservoirs of infection?

List several measures that health care providers must exercise to prevent nosocomial infections.

What are the 3 most common sites for nosocomial infections?

What are the 3 most common causes of nosocomial infections?

Summarize the steps in Koch’s postulates, and explain their importance to microbiologists

What is phage therapy?

How is phage therapy currently used in the US?

What are probiotics?

What are prebiotics?

What percent of infections involve biofilms?

What mechanisms make microbes in a biofilm hundreds of times more drug resistant than the same free, unattached microbes?

How is the clinical setting a source of drug-resistant strains of bacteria?

Is it just bacteria that becoming more resistant to drugs?

What other microbes are becoming more resistant to drugs?

What are the ESKAPE pathogens?

Phases of clinical trials

Randomization

single-or double-blind studies

Microbes outnumber our cells by _______ times and occupy about ____%-____% of out body’s mass.

Superorganism

Human microbiome