The lower respiratory tract is protected by all of the following EXCEPT
competition with the normal flora of the lungs
which of the following is mismatched
epiglottitis - sore throat
members of the group A streptococci cause all of the following except
epiglottitis
Which of the following statements about mycoplasmal pneumonia is TRUE?
treatment is tetracycline
which of the following is not a typical symptom of influenza
diarrhea
which of the following is mismatched
mycoplasma - gram positive pleomorphic rod
which of the following microorganisms causes symptoms most like tuberculosis
histoplasma
all of the following can lead to positive tuberculin skin test except
being near someone with tuberculosis
Which of the following diseases is not correctly matched to its vaccine
tuberculosis - toxoid
which of the following diseases has a cutaneous form, especially in individuals over 30 years of age?
diphteria
which of the following requires treatment with both antibiotics and antitoxins
diptheria
which of the following is mismatched
Q fever - rickettsia
which of the following does not cause otitis media
coxiella burnetii
which of the following causes opportunistic infections in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis, aspergillus, rhizopus, mucor
all of the following are true of the common cold except
early treatment will drastically reduce the disease symptoms
which of the following causes a disease characterized by the catarrhal, paroxysmal. and convalescent stages
bordetella pertussis
which of the following is an irregular, gram positive rod
corynebacterium diphtheriae
infection by which of the following results in the formation of ghon complexes
mycobacterium tuberculosis
which one of the following produces the most potent exotoxin
corynebacterium diphtheriae
the most effective means of preventing influenza is
annual vaccination
which of the following is an opportunistic pathogen
pneumocystis
which of the following etiologic agents results in the formation of abscesses
blastomyces
the primary victims of the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 were
young adults
all of the following are used as first line drugs for treating tuberculosis except
fluoroquinolones
infection by which of the following is often confused with viral pneumonia
mycoplasma
the patient is suffocating because of the accumulation of dead tissue and fibrin in her throat. what is the etiology of the symptoms
corynebacterium
the patient is suffocating because of inflamed epiglottis. what is the etiology of the symptoms
haemophilus
the patient has sore throat. What is the etiology of the symptoms
answer cannot be determined
the patient is suffocating because of the accumulation of dead tissue and fibrin in her throat. what is the etiology of the symptoms
cornebacterium
which of the following is mismatched
mycobacterium - whooping cough
all of the following are classified as fungi except
mycobacterium
microscopic examination of a lung biopsy shows thick-walled cysts. what is the etiology of the symptoms
pneumocystis
a patient has a paroxysmal cough and mucus accumulation. what is the etiology of the symptoms
bordetella
a patient who presents with red throat and tonsils can be diagnose as having
answer cannot be determined
a patient has fever, difficulty breathing, chest pains fluid in the alveoli, and a positive tuberculin skin test. gram positive cocci are isolated from the sputum. the patient most likely has
pneumococcal pneumonia
which of the following is responsible for epidemics of respiratory disease in infants
respiratory syncytial virus
which of the following produces small "fried-egg" colonies on medium containing horse serum and yeast extract
mycoplasma
it is common for a normal, healthy individual to carry potentially pathogenic organisms in the upper respiratory tract
truth
most cases of sinusitis and otitis media will not resolve unless they are treated with antibiotics
false
the symptoms of diphtheria are due to an exotoxin that blocks proteins synthesis in host cells
true
the most common causative agent of bacterial pneumonia is streptococcus pneumoniae
true
a positive tuberculosis skin test indicates that the patient has active tuberculosis
false
vaccination with the influenza vaccine confers lifelong immunity to influenza virus
false
mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia, also known as "walking pneumonia"
true
epiglottitis
pathogen: haemophilus influenzae
symptoms: inflammation of the epiglottis
treatment: antibiotics; Hib vaccines
streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes
caused by group A streptococcus
produces special enzymes streptokinases and streptolysins
Enzyme immunoassay test done to detect it
symptoms: inflamed mucus membrane
treatment: penicillin
scarlet fever
pathogen: erythrogenic toxin-producing strains of steptococcus pyogenes
symptoms: reddening of skin and tongue and peeling of affected skin
treatment: penicillin
diphtheria
pathogen: corynebacterium diphtheriae
symptoms: grayish membrane forms in throat. begins with sore throat and fever, followed by malaise and swelling of the neck
treatment: penicillin and DTaP vaccine
otitis media
pathogen: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus
symptoms: pus in middle ear
treatment: broad spectrum antibiotics
affects 85% of children before 3
pneumococcal pneumonia
pathogen: S. pneumoniae
symptoms: alveoli filled with fluid
treatment: fluoroquinolones, pneumococcal vaccine
mycoplasmal pneumonia (walking pneumonia)
pathogen: mycoplasma pneumoniae
symptoms: mild but persistent respiratory symptoms, lower fever, cough, headache "fried egg" appearance
treatment: tetracycline
pertussis (whooping cough)
pathogen: Bordetella pertussis, obligate aerobe, gram negative coccobacillus.
symptoms: spasms of intense coughing to clear mucus.Produces tracheal cytotoxin, pertussis toxin
treatment: erythromycin, DTaP vaccine
tuberculosis
pathogen: mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M.avium-intracellulare. classified as acid-fast
symptoms: cough, blood in mucus
Diagnosis: hardening and reddening of the injection site.
treatment: anti-mycobacterial drugs, pasteurizing milk; BCG vaccine
histoplasmosis
pathogen: histoplasma capsulatum
symptoms: resembles TB
treatment: amphotericin B
Pneumocystis pneumonia
pathogen: Pneumocystis jirovecii
symptoms: pneumonia
treatment: trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine
the influenza virus
two projections
Hemagglutinin spikes: agglutination of RBCs
neuraminidase spikes: stimulate formation of antibodies
drugs for TB
First line drugs: isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and rifampin
Second line drugs: aminoglucosides, fluoroquinolones
antigenic drift/ antigenic shift
antigenic drift: accumulation of mutations
antigenic shift: marks changes great enough to evade most of the immunity developed
catarrhal stage
resembles common cold
paroxysmal stage
prolonged sieges of coughing. violent cough may result in broken ribs
convalescence stage
may last for months. irreversible damage to the brain occurs.