Test 3 Flashcards

Match the following

a. peristalsis

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. hydrolysis

e. Mucosa

Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube.

a. peristalsis

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. hydrolysis

e. Mucosa

Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed.

a. peristalsis

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. hydrolysis

e. Mucosa

Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule.

a. peristalsis

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. hydrolysis

e. Mucosa

process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract through blood or lymph.

a. peristalsis

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. hydrolysis

e. Mucosa

Inner layer of the gastrointestinal tract

True or False a=true, b= false

The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chime to spiral, rather than move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine

As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrient are more readily available to the body.

Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl,

Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsilble for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.

The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.

Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.

The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.

The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.

The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.

Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distalb end of the small intestine

The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract and controls GI motility

The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.

Dentin anchor the tooth in place.

The soft plate rise reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands a virus.

Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.

Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.

Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

The pancreas is primarily an exocrine organ dominated by pancreatic acini as the main tissue type.

The major stimulus for the production of intestinal fluids is distention or irritation of the intestinal musoca by hypertonic or acidic chime.

Multiple Choice: Select the best answer to each question.

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located________..

a. in the grandular tissue that lines the ortan lumen.

b. in the walls of the tract organs

c. in the pons and meddulla

d. only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accomodate food passage

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to__________.

a. carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract.

b. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

c. distribute hormones

d. return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabooic reactions whereby enzymes split the molecules. This series of reactions is called__________.

a. absorption

b. secretion

c. chemical digestion

d. mechanical digestion

The sheets of the peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called_________.

a. mesemteries

b. lamina propria

c. serosal lning

d. mucosal lining

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layer. Arrange them in order from the lumen outward.

a. muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa

b. serosa, mucos, submucosa, and muscularis externa

c.submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa

d. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

a. thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus

b. tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells

c. replacing of damged epithelial mucosa cells

d. rennin

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutriens lie in the_________.

a. muscularis mucosae

b. serosa

c. adventitia

d. lamina propria

Which hormone cause an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stmulates gallbladdern contraction to release bile?

a. gastrin

b. secretin

c. cholecystokinin

d. gastric inhibitor peptide

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.

a. bile is both an excretory product and a digestiven secretion

b. bile functions to emulsify fats

c. bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from the breakdown of worn-out RBC's

d. bile contains enzymes for digestion

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task.

a. plicae circulares, and intestinal villie

b. the vast array of digestive enzymes.

c. Brunner's glands

d. the rugae

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

a. cleanses the mouth

b. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

c. moistens food and aids the compacting of the bolus

d. dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted.

Chyme is created in the__________.

a. mouth

b. stomach

c. esophagus

d. small intestine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach

a. chief cells

b.parietal cells

c. serous cells

d.mucous neck cells

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs________.

a. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

b. immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients

c. At the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the cc

GI tract for a long period of time

d. When the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of______.

a. starches and complex carbohydrates

b. protein and peptide fragments

c. simple carbohydrates and alcohols

d. fatty acids

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the_________.

a. chief cells of the stomach

b. partietal cells of the duodenum

c. Brunner's glands

d. Goblet cells of the small intestine

The enzymatic breakdown of any food molecule is called__________.

a. diffusion

b. active transport

c. hydrolysis

d. denatured

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

a. rennin

b. persin

c. lipase

d. cholecystokinin

Hepatocytes do not _______.

a. produce digestive enzymes

b. process nutrients

c. store fat-soluble vitamins

d. detoxify

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the _______.

a. duodenum

b. ileum

c. jejunum

d. pyloric sphincter

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

a. incisor tooth

b. molar tooth

c. premolar tooth

d. canine tooth

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

a. lipids

b. carbohydrates

c. proteins

d. starches

Which of the following is an essential role played by the large intestine bacteria?

a. produce gas

b. absorb bilirubin

c. synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins

d. synthesize vitamins C and D

What stomach secretion in necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBC's

a. HCl

b. Pepsinogen

c. Intrinsic factor

d. Gastric lipase

In order to receive a customized diet from ChooseMyPlate.gov., you must provide your:

a. age

b. gender

c. the amount you exercise

d. all of the above

ChooseMyPlate.gov is a website managed by

a. the USDA

b. the Food and Drug Administration

c. The FFA

d. The U.S. Department of Health and Welfare

Which of the following are not considered human nutrient?

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. vitamins

d. minerals

e. all are considered nutrients

Which of the following is not a pathway for carbohydrate metabolism

a. Glycolysis

b. Krebs Cycle

c. Electron Transport Chain

d. Deamination

In the human body, glucose is stored primarily as _______.

a. fat

b. glycogen

c. ketones

d. glucose cannot be stored

Diabetes mellitus is a consequence if inadequate ______ production.

a. amino acids

b. fatty acids

c. insulin

d. triglycerides

From which nutrient does the body receive the most concentrated source of energy?

a. lipids

b. carbohydrates

c. proteins

d. vitamins

Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?

a. blood

b. liver

c. cytosol of cells

d. mitochondrial matrix

A toxic waste product of protein metabolism that must be removed from the body is _______.

a. carbon dioxide

b. urea

c. uric acid

d. ammonia

The carbon dioxide of cellular respiration is formed during_________.

a. glycolysis

b. Kreb's cycle

c. Electron transport

d. The formation of pyruvic acid

The function of the citric acid cycle is to _________.

a. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to co-enzymes

b. transfer the acetyl group

c. hydrolyze glucose

d. produce carbon dioxide

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds

a. to support growth

b. to perform structural maintenance or repairs

c. to produce secretions

d. to store nutrient reserves

e. all of the above

Poisons like cyanide bind to _______ and prevent electron transfer.

a. enzymes

b. the endoplasmic reticulum

c. acetyl-CoA

d. cytochromes

e. mitochondria

Catabolism of all the following is fairly common for energy production except.

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. glucose

d. protein

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle _______ yields energy the quickest.

a. glycogen

b. glucose

c. protein

d. fat

e. all of the above have the same rate

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is_______ yielding a different amino acid.

a. converted to ammonia

b. converted to urea

c. transferred to another molecule

d. absorbed by water

e. transferred to acetyl-CoA

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the.

a. post-absorptive state

b. absorptive state

c. starvation state

d. deprivation state

Deficiency in this vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy.

a. A

b. C

c. D

d. B₁₂

What is the name of the compound that enters the Citric Acid Cycle series of reactions?

a. Pyruvic Acid

b. Acetyl-CoA

c. Citric Acid

d. NADH

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin_____ in the body.

a. A

b. C

c. D

d. E

A balanced diet should

a. include adequate substrates for the production of energy

b. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids

c. contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

A high uric acid level can lead to the painful condition known as.

a. gout

b. rheumatoid arthritis

c. anorexia nervosa

d. lupus

The energy of food is commonly given in units called.

a. Calories

b. Calories or kilocalories

c. Oxidation units

d. Grams

Glycolysis is the first step in glucose metabolism, and does not require ______.

a. Pyruvate

b. Acetyl-Coa

c. Oxygen

d. Carbon dioxide

Anaroebic respiration respiration results in the build up of

a. lactic aids

b. carbon dioxide

c. Acetyl-CoA

d. Citric acid

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refers to.

a. the rate of respiration of a resting person

b. the recovery time for a person who has exercised for 1 hour

c. the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

d. the amount of energy it will take to exercise for one hour