all of the following are true regarding African trypanosomiasis except
all subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei have multiple hosts
bacterial encephalitis and meningitis are difficult to treat because
many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier
all of the following organisms cause meningitis except
Mycobacterium leprae
which of the following statements about neisseria meningitis is false
it is a gram positive anaerobe
which of the following pairs is mismatched
cryptococcus neoformans - acid fast rod
all of the following organisms are correctly matched to the recommended treatment except
poliovirus - amphotericin B
which of the following statements about leprosy is false
patients with leprosy must be isolated
all of the following organisms are transmitted via the respiratory route except
listeria monocytogenes
the symptoms of tetanus are due to
tetanospasmin
a 30 year old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Any of the following organisms could be responsible for her symptoms except
clostridium botulinum
The most effective control of mosquito-borne disease is
elimination of the mosquito population
Initial treatment of tetanus is an unimmunized person with a puncture wound is
tetanus immune globulin
Initial treatment for tetanus in a fully immunized person with a puncture wound is
tetanus toxoid
the most common route of central nervous system invasion of pathogens is through
the circulatory system
the prodromal (pre-acute disease stage) symptoms of bacterial meningitis is/are
mild cold symptoms
a pathologist detects Negri bodies while examining a brain section taken at autopsy. what was the cause of death
rabies
encephalitis is more common in the summer months because
mosquito populations increase
a 30 year old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alerted and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Which of the following is most likely to provide rapid identification of the cause of her symptoms
gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid
Each of the following is caused by prions except
rabies
Arboviruses cause____ and are transmitted by ____
encephalitis; mosquito
Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis is commonly acquired by
swimming in warm ponds or streams
which of the following is treated with antibiotics
streptococcal pneumonia
which of the following is/are a free-living amoeba that can cause encephalitis
naegleria and acanthamoeba
microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid reveals gram positive rods. What is the organism
listeria
On June 30, a 47 year old man was hospitalized with dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and nausea. Examination revealed facial paralysis. He reported eating home-caned green beans and stew containing roast beef and potatoes 24 hours before onset of symptoms. The patient should be treated with
supportive care, including respiratory assistance
vaccination is available for all of the following except
botulism
a one year old boy was listless, irritable, and sleepy. Capsulated gram negative rods were cultured from his cerebrospinal fluid. His symptoms were caused by
haemophilus influenzae
which of the following pairs is mismatched
botulism - stimulates transmission of nerve impulses
all of the following microorganisms can directly cause meningitis except
mosquitoes
which of the following vaccines can cause the disease it is designed to prevent
oral polio vaccine
all of the following are true of poliomyelitis except
most cases result in muscle paralysis
CSF contains high levels of complement and circulating antibodies to prevent infection of the brain and spinal cord
false
viral meningitis is much more common than bacterial meningitis and tends to cause a milder form of disease
true
lifelong immunity is conferred once an individual has had botulism and recovered
false
if a normal protein typically found on the surface of nervous tissue cells comes into contact with an abnormally folded protein, it can lead to prion-related disease
true
autopsy of a stillborn fetus reveals the cause of death to be meningitis. Cultures show the presence of a gram positive rod. The likely pathogen is haemophilus influenza
false
botulism and tetanus are caused by bacterial endospores commonly found in the soil
true
there is an antitoxin for botulism. Why, then, is the outcome of botulism often fatal?
Botulism has a very low mortality rate, deaths are usually because they don't administer the antitoxin because they don't recognize that it's botulism.
advantages and disadvantages of the salk and sabin vaccines
salk vaccines contains all three types of viruses that is inactivated. IT require a series of injections
sabin vaccines is less expensive to manufacture and does not require a professional to administer. the attenuated strains of the disease reverts to virulence and cause the disease.
transmission and etiology of meningococcal meningitis
transmission is by droplet aerosols or direct contact with secretions. Caused by neisseria meningitidis
viral meningitis
clear CSF
no protein
normal glucose
few WBCs
bacterial meningitis
cloudy CSF
protein
low glucose
high WBCs
caused by haemophilus influenzae
haemophilus influenzae
aerobic gram negative bacterium
occurs mostly in children under 4, as young as 6 months
HIB vaccine
Neisseria meningitis
neisseria meningitidis, aerobic, gram negative
transmission is by gram droplet aerosols or direct contact with secretions
occurs in children under 2
streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
gram positive, encapsulated diplococcus
S. pneumoiae
listeriosis
caused by Listeria monocytogenes. gram positive rod
causes stillbirth and neurological disease
foodbborne disease
tetanus
caused by Clostridium tetani
symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin
opithotonos - head and heels bow backwards
botulism
caused by Clostridium botulinum
treatment is antitoxin
symptoms include flaccid paralysis
transmitted by foodborne intoxication
leprosy
caused by Mycobacterium leprae
symptoms include loss of sensation in skin
treated with dapsone, rifampin, cloxamine
rabies
caused by lyssavirus
fatal infection
animal bite
vaccine
African trypanosomiasis
trypanosomiasis brucei
fatal infection
tsetse fly
treated with suramin and petamidine
creutzfeldt-jakob disease
prion
fatal infection
inherited
kuru
prion
contact or ingestion