Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?
stamen-stamen-petal-petal
If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order...
the annual rings, phloem, and bark
A plan has the following characteristics: a taproot system; several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?
woody eudicot
A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?
zone of maturation
All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except
the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
secondary xylem
Which of the following illustrates the idea that the fate of a cell is a direct result of its position?
some root epidermal cells form hairs but others do not, some shoot epidermal cells form stomata but others do not, and floating leaves of cambomba have a different shape than submergded leaves
In a root, a vessel element completes its development in which area of growth?
zone of differentiation
The best word to describe the growth of plants in general is
indeterminate
The type of mature cell that a particular embryonic plant cell will become appears to be determined mainly by
the cell's final position in a developing organ
Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1 above?
they are both parenchyma cells and photosynthetic
How does the fass mutation in Arabidopis result in a stubby plant rather than a normal elongated one?
lack of formation of the preprophase band results in random planes of cell division
A woody eudicot is represented by
IV only
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?
pericycle - waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
Which of the following have thick, lignified walls that help support mature, nongrowing parts of the plant?
clerenchyma cells
Axillary buds
develop from meristematic cells left by the apical meristem
A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s) will develop in this plant?
sepals
For this part of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the number of vessel elements in a eudicot root cap
B) the number of vessel elements in a eudicot stem
Item A is less than item B
For this part of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the probability of damage by beetles to developing soybean pods with 10 trichomes per square mm
B) the probability of damage by beetles to developing soybean pods with 2 trichomes per square mm
Item A is less than item B
The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to
elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem
___ is to xylem as ___ is to phloem
vessel element; sieve-tube member
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
pericycle
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
stomata
Additional vascular tissue produces as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
vascular cambium
What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest?
apical dominance
What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant?
produces a plant that will grow fuller
The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by
a change in morphology of the leaves produced
For this part of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the number of growth rings of a 10-year-old tree from the northern hemisphere
B) the number of growth rings of a 10-year-old tree from the tropics
Item A may stand in more than one of the above relations to item B
The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the
stele
The polarity of a plant is established when
the zygote divides
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?
companion cell - ground tissue
Bark becomes scaly because
cork cambium divides only parallel to the surface, and thus does not increase in circumference
Land plants are composed of all of the following tissues except
mesodermal
For this part of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the thickness of the cell wall in sclerenchyma
B) the thickness of the cell wall in parenchyma
Item A is greater than item B
Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?
sieve tube elements and companion cells
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots
Which of the following statements is false?
Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off"
Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to
cell elongation localized in each internode
Pinching off the tops of snapdragons causes the plants to make more flowers than they would if left alone. Why does the removal of the top cause more flowers to form?
Removal of an apical meristem causes outgrowth of lateral buds that produce extra branches, which ultimately produce flowers
Plants contain meristems whose only function is to
divide
Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?
pith
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. sone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
I, V, III, II, IV
Which of the following are the water-conducting cells of xylem, have thick walls, and are dead at functional maturity?
tracheids and vessel elements
CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through
stoma
Which of the following are relatively unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide and perform most of the plant's metabolic functions of synthesis and storage?
parenchyma cells
Which of the following are sugar-transporting cells in angiosperms?
seive-tube elements
Which of the following is true of bark?
it is composed of phloem plus periderm
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now ___ meters above the ground?
1.5
Which of the following is a true statement?
secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are these?
parenchyma
A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by doing which of the following?
pruning?
A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by?
IV only
For this part of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the probability that xylem cells are meristematic
B) the probability that trichomes are meristematic
Item A is exactly or very approximately equal to item B
Heartwood and sapwood consist of
secondary xylem
Which of the following arise from lateral meristem activity?
secondary xylem
You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptions is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?
development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water
Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?
some plants lack secondary growth
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue?
companion cell - ground tissue
While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what information can be inferred?
the RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals
Which of the following is not part of an older tree's bark?
secondary xylem
Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must
undergo dedifferentiation
Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
cambium cells
Which of the following arise from meristematic activity?
tubers
Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree that was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was (were) the
xylem
"Totipotency" is a term used to describe the ability of a cell to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that
cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression
When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating?
large axillary buds
Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant
collenchyma cells
Which of these are not produced by vascular cambium?
tachieds and vessel elements
Which part of the plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
root hairs
All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except
companion cell - formation of secondary xylem and phloem
A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be
pre-prophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem
Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?
spongy mesophyll
Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as
secondary tissues
A monocot stem is represented by
II only
The vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of
3 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem
According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels
A and B genes only