How is Na+ reabsorbed?
by active transport using
ATP
by receptor-mediated endocytosis
by facilitated
diffusion
by osmosis
by diffusion
by active transport using ATP
The major calyces are the __________.
pyramid-shaped
structures in the renal medulla
expanded ends of nephrons
capsules surrounding each kidney
functional units of the
kidneys
large branches of the renal pelvis
large branches of the renal pelvis
Micturition is __________.
a form of glomerular
filtration
a mechanism for concentrating urine
a method of
tubular reabsorption
the release of urine from the bladder via
the urethra
the production of urine
the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.
glomerulus
major calyx
renal corpuscle
loop
of Henle
nephron
nephron
The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the
__________.
afferent arteriole
efferent
arteriole
interlobular artery
segmental artery
renal artery
afferent arteriole
The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the
__________.
papilla
nephron
renal
pelvis
renal corpuscle
loop of Henle
renal corpuscle
An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate
is __________.
blood osmotic pressure
net
filtration pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
capsular
osmotic pressure
negative pressure
net filtration pressure
When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.
the
specific gravity of the urine decreases
less water is reabsorbed
by the nephron and collecting duct
less urine is produced
blood volume decreases
more salt is secreted by the nephron
less urine is produced
Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to
hormone release?
adrenergic response
myogenic
mechanism
countercurrent mechanism
tubuloglomerular
response
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the
bladder?
renal pelvis
urethra
papillary
duct
ureter
prostate
ureter
Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
water
uric acid
potassium
sodium
protein
protein
Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which
urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2)
renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3,
4, 1, 5, 2
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole
remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.
decreases
increases
does not change
cannot be determined
increases
The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate
__________.
albuminuria
trauma to the kidneys
infection of the urinary tract
untreated diabetes mellitus
untreated diabetes mellitus
Which of the following statements about the urinary system is
INCORRECT?
It metabolizes vitamin D to its active
form.
It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood
cell formation.
It produces epinephrine.
It produces
renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
It produces epinephrine.
The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.
inferior
lateral
superior
medial
medial
The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the
posterior body wall.
renal pelvis
ureter
fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
perirenal fat capsule
Renal ptosis may lead to __________.
degeneration of the
perirenal fat
renal calculus formation
hydronephrosis due
to urine backup
bleeding in the kidney tissue
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.
cortex
pelvis
medulla
glomerulus
pelvis
All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the
glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________.
basement
membrane
renal capsule
fenestrated endothelium
visceral layer
renal capsule
What structure(s) is/are part of the juxtaglomerular complex and
act(s) as a mechanoreceptor, sensing blood pressure in the afferent
arteriole?
extraglomerular mesangial cells
macula
densa
podocytes
granular cells
granular cells
All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules
EXCEPT __________.
secretion
reabsorption
formation of urine
filtration
filtration
Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated
urine?
peritubular capillaries
efferent
arteriole
vasa recta
glomerulus
vasa recta
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the
__________.
renal capillary hydrostatic pressure
cleavage of ATP
concentration gradient established by Na+
filtration membrane
concentration gradient established by Na+
Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the
kidney?
the proximal convoluted tubule
the
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule around the glomerulus
the vasa
recta
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by
__________.
renin
ADH
prostaglandin E2
angiotensin II
ADH
Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure the
GFR?
glucose
drug metabolites
protein
inulin
inulin
Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine
by weight after water?
inulin
uric acid
urea
creatinine
urea
Which of the following is/are NOT associated with primary nocturnal
enuresis?
a small bladder capacity
unusually sound
sleep
females over the age of 60 years
inadequate
nocturnal ADH production
females over the age of 60 years
Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the
bloodstream.
50 liters
100 liters
200
liters
500 liters
200 liters
The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents
infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.
True
False
False
The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that
exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal column
renal medulla
Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver
one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys
each minute.
renal
segmental
interlobar
cortical radiate
renal
__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys,
which carry out the processes that form urine.
Glomerular
capsules
Major calyces
Nephrons
Renal pyramids
Nephrons
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?
in the
renal corpuscle
in the proximal convoluted tubule
in the
distal convoluted tubule
in the collecting duct
in the renal corpuscle
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force
pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration
membrane.
True
False
True
In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure
(e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic
controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.
True
False
True
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that
glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?
renal ptosis
pyelitis
hydronephrosis
anuria
anuria
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________.
glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics
glucose
is too large to be filtered by the nephron
the transport maximum
for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
glucose cannot be
reabsorbed by the kidney
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
True
False
False
Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the
following?
disposing of substances, such as certain
drugs
eliminating undesirable substances or end products that
have been reabsorbed by passive processes
controlling blood
pH
ridding the body of excess glucose
ridding the body of excess glucose
The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to
solutes and freely permeable to water.
True
False
True
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of
diuretics.
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly
voided urine in a healthy person?
It is slightly basic in
pH.
It is slightly aromatic.
It is clear and pale to deep
yellow.
A given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity
than the same volume of distilled water.
It is slightly basic in pH.
The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women.
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of
incontinence in adults?
physical pressure during
pregnancy
emotional problems
nervous system problems
a
side effect after general anesthesia
a side effect after general anesthesia