Human Anatomy & Physiology: A&P Chapter 23 The Digestive System Flashcards

To quiz yourself select the cards option from the note card set and good luck with your class.

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

mucosa
submucosa
serosa
muscularis externa

Which of the following inhibits salivation?

sight or smell of food
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
spicy foods
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

mucosa
serosa
muscularis externa
submucosa

The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity.
True
False

Which histological layer of the digestive tract is composed primarily of epithelial tissue?
mucosa
adventitia
submucosa
lamina propria

The lamina propria is composed of ________.
reticular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
loose connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
submucosa
serosa
adventitia
lamina propria

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

Saliva moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus.
Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.
Saliva cleanses the mouth.
Saliva dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted.

How many total deciduous teeth are there?

16
5
10
20

In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.
intestinal
cephalic
reflux
gastric phase

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice.
The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion.
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).

Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
True
False

In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the __________.

gallbladder
duodenum
stomach
pancreas
liver

During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the __________.

esophageal sphincter
gastroesophageal sphincter
pyloric sphincter
urethral sphincter
ileocecal valve

During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation, __________.

the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited
the gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity
the enterogastric reflex is turned off
hormones reduce chief cell activity
secretin causes more HCl release

What intestinal structure(s) consist(s) of protective aggregated nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages?

the muscularis mucosae
the gastric pits
the intestinal crypts
Peyer’s patches
the muscularis externa

What are the main organic molecules digested in the stomach?

nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
salts

The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called __________.

defecation
segmentation
peristalsis
swallowing
ingestion

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?

It is the site for acid neutralization.
It has villi.
It contains epiploic appendages.
It is longer than the small intestine.
It provides no absorptive function.

Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?

gastrin
CCK
histamine
secretin
vasoactive peptide

Which sequence below represents the correct order of the tunics of the GI tract, starting from the layer adjacent to the lumen and moving superficially?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa

What substances from different organs would mix together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

bile and pancreatic enzymes
brush border enzymes and intrinsic factor
secretin and CCK
HCl and pepsin

What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?

Salivary amylase secretion would increase.
The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
A duodenal ulcer would develop.
decreased surface area for absorption

Which of the following products does the stomach produce?

pepsinogen and secretin
HCl and intrinsic factor
bile and trypsin
mucus and amylase

The final product of carbohydrate digestion is __________.

glycogen
disaccharides
starch
monosaccharides
polysaccharides

Which of the following cells produce HCl?

chief cells
mucous cells
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
G cells

Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?

mucous cells
chief cells
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
G cells

The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is NO __________.

digestion taking place
food in the alimentary canal
muscle tone
enzymatic activity

Emulsification of which organic molecules would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged?

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by __________.

the enteric nerve plexuses
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
higher brain centers
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is INCORRECT?

It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.
Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery extending from the curvatures of the stomach.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.
It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.

Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis?

a ruptured pancreatic cyst
a perforating ulcer of the stomach
a perforating abdominal wound
a burst appendix

The myxovirus causes __________.

infectious mononucleosis
measles
irritable bowel syndrome
mumps

Halitosis is caused by __________.

loss of teeth
lack of amylase in saliva
increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue
increased salivation

Which of the following teeth are most commonly impacted?

incisors
wisdom teeth
deciduous teeth
premolars

Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke?

dental caries
impacted wisdom teeth
gingivitis
periodontitis

The only stomach function that is essential to life is __________.

the secretion of pepsinogen
the presence of HCl
mechanical digestion
the secretion of intrinsic factor

Some aspects of the __________ phase of gastric secretion, which occur before food enters the stomach, may be considered conditioned reflexes.

intestinal
gastric
esophageal
cephalic

The myenteric nerve plexus is located in which tunic of the alimentary canal?

submucosa
serosa
mucosa
muscularis externa

Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder?

secreting pancreatic juice
metabolizing carbohydrate
storing and concentrating bile
converting pepsinogen to pepsin

Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by __________.

excessive absorption of fat
absorption of whole proteins
lactase deficiency
gallstones

Which of the following is a condition affecting the large intestine that is NOT explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities?

a hiatal hernia
irritable bowel syndrome
pernicious anemia
celiac disease

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system?

tongue
teeth
salivary glands
intestines

The major site for nutrient absorption is the __________.

small intestine
mouth
stomach
large intestine

The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal.
True
False

The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is called the __________.

visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
mesentery
omentum

__________ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.

Peritoneal
Aortic
Hepatic portal
Cardiac

serosa

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins.
True
False

The permanent dentition consists of __________ teeth in a full set.

10
16
20
32

A weak gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter can result in heartburn.
True
False

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

chemical digestion of carbohydrates
temporary holding area for food until it can be moved to the duodenum
absorption of a few fat-soluble substances
mechanical breakdown of the bolus into chyme

The phases of gastric secretion, from first to last, are __________.

cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase
intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase

The increased concentration of HCO3– in blood draining from the stomach is called __________.

the enterogastric reflex
the gastric phase
the chloride shift
the alkaline tide

The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.

ileum
colon
jejunum
duodenum

Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the __________ of the small intestine.

circular folds
villi
microvilli
goblet cells

Bile is stored and concentrated in the __________.

pancreas
gallbladder
liver
stomach

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver?

It is highly regenerative.
It stores glucose as glycogen.
It has three lobes.
It has a role in detoxifying the blood.

__________ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions.

Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Bicarbonate ions

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.
True
False

Most water is absorbed in the __________.

small intestine
large intestine
stomach
liver

Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce __________.

B vitamins
intrinsic factor
vitamin K
CO2

Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine.
True
False

lipids

proteins

carbohydrates

nucleic acids

Pepsin enzymatically digests __________.

carbohydrate
fat
protein
nucleic acids

Someone on a fat-free diet would NOT efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet.
True
False

The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the __________.

parietal peritoneum
mesentery
omentum
visceral peritoneum

__________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.

Peristalsis
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Defecation

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is incorrect?

It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.
Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane.
It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.

Identify the physiology associated with “E.”

Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.

Match the following term to its correct description: Muscularis externa.

Main site of nutrient absorption
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

Match the following term to its correct description: Mucosa.

Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Main site of nutrient absorption
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Match the following digestive process with the correct description: Chemical digestion.

Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
Elimination of indigestible solids
Passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph
Chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation of food
Taking food into the digestive system

Identify the physiology associated with “E.”

Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.

Identify the physiology associated with “D.”

Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.

Match the following term to its correct description: Mucosa.

Main site of nutrient absorption
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Identify the physiology associated with “B.”

Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.

Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Tongue
Intestines
Salivary glands
Teeth

Identify the physiology associated with “F.”

Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.

Identify the physiology associated with “C.”

Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.

Match the following digestive process with the correct description: Chemical digestion.

Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
Chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation of food
Elimination of indigestible solids
Passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph
Taking food into the digestive system

Hollow muscular organs, like the stomach, that act as reservoirs exhibit __________.

receptive relaxation
peristalsis
positive feedback
accommodation

The short reflexes in the digestive system are mediated by __________.

higher brain centers
the sympathetic system
the enteric nerve plexuses
the parasympathetic system

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is incorrect?

Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane.
It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.
It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.

Identify the physiology associated with “C.”

Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.

The alimentary canal in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is no __________.

digestion taking place
hormonal influence
muscle tone
food in the tube

Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Teeth
Intestines
Tongue
Salivary glands

Match the following digestive process with the correct description: Absorption.

Taking food into the digestive system
Elimination of indigestible solids
Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
Passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph
Chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation of food

Identify the physiology associated with “E.”

Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.
Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.

__________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.

Defecation
Mechanical digestion
Peristalsis
Ingestion

Identify the physiology associated with “F.”

May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.

Identify the physiology associated with “D.”

Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.

Match the following term to its correct description: Serosa.

Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Main site of nutrient absorption
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal

Identify the physiology associated with “C.”

Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.

Match the following digestive process with the correct description: Absorption.

Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
Chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation of food
Taking food into the digestive system
Elimination of indigestible solids
Passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph

Match the following term to its correct description: Muscularis externa.

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Main site of nutrient absorption
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Match the following term with its correct description: Same structure as the visceral peritoneum.

Submucosa
Muscularis
Mucosa
Serosa

The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the __________.

visceral peritoneum
mesentery
omentum
parietal peritoneum

Match the following term with its correct description: Same structure as the visceral peritoneum.

Muscularis
Serosa
Submucosa
Mucosa

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is incorrect?

It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.
It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.
Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane.

Identify the physiology associated with “D.”

Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.

The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the __________.

mesentery
omentum
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum

Identify the physiology associated with “B.”

Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
Stores nutrients, makes bile, and detoxifies.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea an vomiting.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.

Match the following term to its correct description: Serosa.

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Main site of nutrient absorption
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from the layer next to the lumen?

Muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
Serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Match the following term to its correct description: Mucosa.

Main site of nutrient absorption
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal

Identify the physiology associated with “A.”

Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.

Identify the physiology associated with “E.”

Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.

Identify the physiology associated with “D.”

Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.

Identify the physiology associated with “F.”

Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.

Identify the physiology associated with “E.”

Is integral in preventing pernicious anemia.
Its name means “all meat” because it breaks down all categories of food stuffs.
Composed of skeletal muscle and thus may be controlled voluntarily
When infected by C.difficile, a fecal transplant may be necessary.
Is one of the first steps in chemical digestion as it begins the digestion of starches

Identify the physiology associated with “D.”

Stores nutrients, makes bile and detoxifies.
Cells divide rapidly and are therefore often damaged by chemotherapy leading to nausea and vomiting.
May be affected by congenital condition called ankyloglossia.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelia.
May become ulcerated in a hiatal hernia.
May be obstructed by crystallized cholesterol.

Hollow muscular organs, like the stomach, that act as reservoirs exhibit __________.

accommodation
receptive relaxation
peristalsis
positive feedback

Match the following term to its correct description: Muscularis externa.

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Main site of nutrient absorption
Areolar connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal