Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 4 The Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

1) Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

A) muscle tissue

B) neural tissue

C) osseous tissue

D) connective tissue

E) epithelial tissue

2) The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

A) epithelial

B) connective

C) muscle

D) basal

E) apical

3) Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

A) attachment.

B) avascularity.

C) regeneration.

D) polarity.

E) extracellular matrix.

4) The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

A) desmosome.

B) hemidesmosome.

C) gap junction.

D) tight junction.

E) zonula adherens.

5) Functions of epithelia include all of the following except

A) providing physical protection.

B) controlling permeability.

C) absorption.

D) producing specialized secretions.

E) supporting muscle cells.

6) Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface.

A) mitochondria

B) cilia

C) microvilli

D) junctional complexes

E) Golgi complexes

7) A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n)

A) tight junction.

B) gap junction.

C) intermediate junction.

D) desmosome.

E) All of the answers are correct.

8) Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

A) gap junctions.

B) intermediate junctions.

C) tight junctions.

D) desmosomes.

E) junctional complexes.

9) Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for

A) contraction.

B) conduction.

C) secretion.

D) circulation.

E) support.

10) Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

A) keratin.

B) interfacial canals.

C) a basement membrane.

D) a reticular lamina.

E) proteoglycan.

11) Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

A) simple squamous epithelium

B) simple cuboidal epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

E) stratified squamous epithelium

12) A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the

A) integral proteins.

B) clear layer.

C) matrix.

D) dense layer.

E) ground substance.

13) Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as

A) neuroepithelia.

B) psychoepithelia.

C) neuropsychoepithelia.

D) multilaminar epithelia.

E) protective epithelia.

14) Germinative cells

A) start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue.

B) cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue.

C) make up most of the epithelial type of tissue.

D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

E) cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue.

15) In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

A) tight junctions

B) basolateral junctions

C) gap junctions

D) hemidesmosomes

E) desmosomes

16) Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

A) epithelium.

B) muscle tissue.

C) connective tissue.

D) neural tissue.

E) fat tissue.

17) Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue.

A) muscle

B) neural

C) epithelial

D) connective

E) adipose

18) Transitional epithelium is found

A) lining the urinary bladder.

B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands.

C) lining kidney tubules.

D) lining the stomach.

E) at the surface of the skin.

19) The heart and blood vessels are lined by ________ epithelium.

A) pseudostratified columnar

B) transitional

C) simple cuboidal

D) simple columnar

E) simple squamous

20) You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

A) trachea.

B) urinary bladder.

C) secretory portions of the pancreas.

D) surface of the skin.

E) stomach.

21) Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?

A) They afford little mechanical protection.

B) They are characteristic of regions where secretion or absorption occurs.

C) They line internal compartments and passageways.

D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

E) They are avascular.

22) Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

A) columnar.

B) squamous.

C) blasts.

D) transitional.

E) cuboidal.

23) Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the

A) kidneys.

B) heart and blood vessels.

C) urinary bladder.

D) mouth.

E) large intestine.

24) The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

A) simple squamous.

B) stratified squamous.

C) simple cuboidal.

D) stratified cuboidal.

E) transitional.

25) Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.

A) lubrication; lubricators

B) enzymes; hormones

C) transport media; physical protectors

D) superficial relief; interstitial fluid

E) odors; alarms

26) The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

A) simple and proper.

B) stratified and pseudostratified.

C) squamous and simple.

D) simple and stratified.

E) cuboidal and columnar.

27) The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is ________ epithelium.

A) stratified squamous

B) simple cuboidal

C) simple squamous

D) transitional

E) simple columnar

28) The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

A) support and structure.

B) protection and transport.

C) phagocytosis and immunity.

D) absorption and secretion.

E) storage and retrieval.

29) The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed

A) histology.

B) physiology.

C) anatomy.

D) embryology.

E) exfoliative cytology.

30) The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

A) histology.

B) physiology.

C) anatomy.

D) embryology.

E) exfoliative cytology.

31) Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

A) endocrine

B) interstitial

C) exocrine

D) merocrine

E) holocrine

32) Cells that are specialized for secretion

A) have a free surface that is flat.

B) have a small nucleus.

C) are usually squamous.

D) exhibit polarity.

E) are found only in the digestive system.

33) Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion.

A) merocrine

B) apocrine

C) holocrine

D) serous

E) mucous

34) Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.

A) apocrine

B) sudoriferous

C) holocrine

D) endocrine

E) merocrine

35) The pancreas produces ________ secretions.

A) serous and sebaceous

B) mucous and acid

C) merocrine and holocrine

D) exocrine and endocrine

E) secretory and absorptive

36) Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

A) milk.

B) sweat.

C) mucus.

D) sebum.

E) insulin.

37) A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

A) simple tubular.

B) simple alveolar.

C) compound tubular.

D) compound alveolar.

E) tubuloalveolar.

38) Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?

1. areolar connective tissue

2. adipose tissue

3. fibrocartilage

4. dense irregular connective tissue

A) 3 and 4

B) 1, 2, and 3

C) 1 and 2

D) 1, 2, and 4

E) 1 and 3

39) Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?

A) squamous cell

B) adipocyte

C) fibroblast

D) chondroblast

E) chondrocyte

40) Blood is which type of tissue?

A) mesenchyme

B) nerve

C) epithelial

D) muscle

E) connective

41) The viscous material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the

A) cytosol.

B) ground substance.

C) cytoplasm.

D) crista.

E) gel matrix.

42) Cells that store fat are called

A) lipocytes.

B) macrocytes.

C) adipocytes.

D) podocytes.

E) melanocytes.

43) The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.

A) loose connective

B) regular dense connective

C) irregular dense connective

D) reticular connective

E) adipose

44) The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

A) collagen.

B) elastin.

C) actin.

D) myosin.

E) connectin.

45) Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

A) tendons.

B) ligaments.

C) aponeuroses.

D) areolar tissue.

E) elastic tissue.

46) The three categories of connective tissues are

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue.

C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue.

D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue.

E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue

47) Two classes of macrophages include

A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.

B) mast cells and basophils.

C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils.

E) microphages and adipocytes.

48) Two types of microphages include

A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.

B) mast cells and basophils.

C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils.

E) microphages and adipocytes.

49) Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are

A) all connective tissues proper.

B) elastic and hyaline cartilage.

C) dense irregular connective tissues.

D) reticular connective tissues.

E) dense regular connective tissues.

50) What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

A) erythrocyte

B) leukocyte

C) platelet

D) monocyte

E) phagocyte

51) Wharton's jelly is a form of

A) Marfan's syndrome.

B) mucous connective tissue.

C) ground substance.

D) collagen fiber.

E) embryonic epithelium.

52) Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

A) adipocytes

B) fibroblasts

C) macrophages

D) mast cells

E) lymphocytes

53) ________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.

A) Ligaments; tendons

B) Ligaments; aponeuroses

C) Tendons; ligaments

D) Aponeuroses; tendons

E) Reticular tissues; tendons

54) The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

A) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments.

B) loose, dense, and irregular.

C) cartilage, bone, and collagen.

D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.

E) polar, cellular, and permeable.

55) The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

A) includes active melanocytes.

B) is more superficial.

C) traps pollutants.

D) is highly vascular.

E) is more mature.

56) Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

A) fibroblasts.

B) macrophages.

C) adipocytes.

D) mast cells.

E) melanocytes.

57) Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

B) supporting epithelia.

C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves.

D) cushioning and stabilizing.

E) filling spaces between organs.

58) Antibodies are produced by

A) macrophages.

B) microphages.

C) plasma cells.

D) mast cells.

E) fibroblasts.

59) Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

A) mast cells.

B) fibroblasts.

C) plasmocytes.

D) mesenchymal cells.

E) lymphocytes.

60) The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

A) ligamentous

B) hyaline

C) elastic

D) fibrous

E) osseous

61) Osseous tissue is also called

A) cartilage.

B) fat.

C) cellulite.

D) bone.

E) ligament.

62) Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

A) epithelial tissue.

B) cartilage.

C) areolar tissue.

D) elastic connective tissue.

E) adipose tissue.

63) Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

A) areolar connective tissue

B) hyaline cartilage

C) elastic cartilage

D) fibrous cartilage

E) dense regular connective tissue

64) A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

A) areolar connective tissue.

B) cartilage.

C) bone.

D) epithelium.

E) dense regular connective tissue.

65) Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

A) perichondrium.

B) ground substance.

C) periosteum.

D) chondroplasm.

E) matrix.

66) Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

A) blood.

B) epithelium.

C) fat.

D) bone.

E) neural tissue.

67) Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?

A) fluid connective tissue

B) dense connective tissue

C) supporting connective tissue

D) loose connective tissue

E) adipose tissue

68) Unlike cartilage, bone

A) is a connective tissue.

B) has a matrix that contains collagen.

C) is highly vascular.

D) has an outer covering.

E) has cells within lacunae.

69) Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

A) mucous

B) serous

C) cutaneous

D) synovial

E) pleural

70) The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

A) cutaneous membranes.

B) mucous membranes.

C) serous membranes.

D) synovial membranes.

E) the lamina propria.

71) The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

A) pleura.

B) peritoneum.

C) pericardium.

D) periosteum.

E) perichondrium.

72) The term transudate describes fluid associated with

A) mucus membranes.

B) mammary glands.

C) cutaneous membranes.

D) serous membranes.

E) endocrine glands.

73) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the

A) inner wall of a blood vessel.

B) lungs.

C) spleen.

D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.

E) bony socket of the eye.

74) The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

A) dermis.

B) superficial fascia.

C) deep fascia.

D) subcutaneous layer.

E) subserous fascia.

75) Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon?

A) superficial fascia

B) hypodermis

C) deep fascia

D) subserous fascia

E) subcutaneous layer

76) Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

A) loose connective

B) dense connective

C) epithelial

D) nerve

E) muscle

77) Myosatellite cells are found in association with ________ muscle.

A) skeletal

B) smooth

C) cardiac

D) involuntary

E) both smooth and cardiac

78) Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue.

A) smooth muscle

B) cardiac muscle

C) skeletal muscle

D) all types of muscle

E) nerve

79) The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.

A) skeletal

B) cardiac

C) smooth

D) voluntary

E) multinucleated

80) Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.

A) connective

B) neural

C) areolar

D) osseous

E) epithelial

81) All of the following are true of neurons except that

A) when mature, they lose the ability to divide.

B) they conduct a nervous impulse.

C) they are composed of a cell body and axon.

D) they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.

E) they are separated from one another by synapses.

82) During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?

A) increase in basophils

B) increase in histamine

C) increase in blood flow

D) cold, pale skin

E) swelling

83) The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called

A) inflammation.

B) apoptosis.

C) fibrosis.

D) cystosis.

E) necrosis.

84) Tissue changes with age include all of the following except

A) less efficient tissue maintenance.

B) proliferation of epidermal cells.

C) thinner epithelia.

D) more fragile connective tissues.

E) decreased ability to repair tissue damage.

1) The study of tissues is called

A) cytology.

B) toxicology.

C) micrology.

D) histology.

E) mycology.

2) An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface.

A) apical

B) pinnacle

C) topical

D) crest

E) apogeal

3) ________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction.

A) Bindins

B) Adhesions

C) Connexins

D) Attachons

E) Tieons

4) The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

A) perithelium.

B) myothelium.

C) intrathelium.

D) endothelium.

E) mesothelium.

5) Gland cells produce

A) mesenchyme.

B) antibodies.

C) secretions.

D) phagocytes.

E) fibers.

6) Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure?

A) salivary glands

B) sebaceous glands

C) mucous glands

D) sweat glands

E) gastric glands

7) The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

A) epicrine

B) eccrine

C) holocrine

D) apocrine

E) endocrine

8) The viscous component of connective tissue is called

A) basal layer.

B) ground substance.

C) matrix.

D) lymph.

E) plasma.

9) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

A) collagen.

B) cartilage.

C) chondroitin.

D) matrix.

E) scaffold.

10) The watery fluid component of blood is called

A) hemosol.

B) liquid elements.

C) formed elements.

D) hemoplasm.

E) plasma.

11) In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine.

A) plasma

B) mast

C) mesenchymal

D) gland

E) goblet

12) The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and

A) synovial fluid.

B) urine.

C) sweat.

D) lymph.

E) serous fluid.

13) Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called

A) plasma.

B) lymph.

C) blood.

D) humoral fluid.

E) plasmin fluid.

14) The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and

A) lymphocytes.

B) platelets.

C) phagocytes.

D) plasma cells.

E) mast cells.

15) Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed ________, while these proteins are called antibodies.

A) T cells

B) B cells

C) plasma cells

D) immunocytes

E) phagocytes

16) Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

A) leukocytes.

B) lymphocytes.

C) erythrocytes.

D) thrombocytes.

E) immunocytes.

17) Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

A) leukocytes

B) lymphocytes

C) chondrocytes

D) erythrocytes

E) mesenchymal cells

18) A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

A) mesenchymal

B) fibrous

C) elastic

D) hyaline

E) articular

19) Growth of cartilage by accumulation of matrix around chondrocytes is called ________ growth.

A) appositional

B) intrasitional

C) transitional

D) transformational

E) interstitial

20) In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter.

A) appositional

B) intrasitional

C) transitional

D) transformational

E) interstitial

21) Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.

A) fasciae

B) aponeuroses

C) organ capsules

D) cutaneous layers

E) body membranes

22) The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the

A) lamina densa.

B) basal lamina.

C) areolar lamina.

D) lamina propria.

E) mucina lamina.

23) Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or heart failure is known as

A) edema.

B) ischemia.

C) inflammation.

D) ascites.

E) infarction.

24) The function of ________ is to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.

A) muscle cells

B) neurons

C) transmitter cells

D) teleocytes

E) neuroglia

25) ________ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells.

A) Nurse cells

B) Neuroglia

C) Neurons

D) Nurturons

E) Nutrient cells

26) The body's first tissue response to any injury is

A) fever.

B) inflammation.

C) bleeding.

D) shivering.

E) All the above.