Exam 4 Flashcards

Posssible causes of hypoxia include

a. too little oxygen in the atmosphere

b. obstruction of the esophagus

c. taking several rapid deep breaths

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing

a. rising carbon dioxide levels

b. rising blood pressure

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called..

a. reserve air

b. expiratory reserve

c. inspiratory reserve

d. vital capacity

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by..

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. filtration

d. active transport

The larynx contains

a. the thyroid cartilage

b. a cricoid cartilage also called the adams apple

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

a. chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin ad carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

b. as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

c. as carbonic acid in the plasma

Which of the choice below is not a role of the pleura

a. allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction

b. help divide the thoracic cavity into into three chambers

c. helps limit the spread of local infections

d. aids in blood flow to and from the hear because the heart sits between the lungs

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include

a. thalamic control

b. voluntary cortical control

The respiratory membrane is a combination of

a. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

b. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

c. atria and alveolar sacs

d. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

Inspiratory capacity is

a. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

b. the total amount of exchangeable air

The nose serves all the following function except

a. as a passageway for air movement

b. as the initiator of the cough reflex

c. warming and humidifying the air

d. cleansing the air

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

a. the pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration

b. the dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin.

a. partial pressure of oxygen

b. temperature

c. partial pressure of carbon dioxide

d. number of red blood cells

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the

a. temperature is lower at higher altitudes

b. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes

c. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

d. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Which of the following is not possible

a. gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance

b. pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

a. during normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning tp the lungs carries one molecule of O2

b. during conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently

c. increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity

d. a 50% oxygen saturation level of blood retiring to the lungs might indicate and activity level higher than normal

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation

a. temperature

b. DPG

c. carbon dioxide

d. nitric acid

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type 1 and type 2. The function of type 2 is...

a. secrete surfactant

b. trap dust and other debris

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contraction are involved. Expiration depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

a. the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

b. the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.

c. the negative feedback or expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant

d. combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli

The statement "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressure of gases in the mixture" paraphrases..

a. henry's law

b. boyle's law

c. dalton's law

d. charles' law

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be

a. at least 3 micrometers thick

b. .5 to 1 micrometer thick

c. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick

d. the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is

a. the loos of oxygen in tissues

b. increase of carbon dioxide

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is

a. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

b. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

c. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

d. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

a. psychic stimuli

b. decrease in lactic acid

which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

a. pulmonary ventilation

b. blood pH adjustment

c. internal respiration

d. external respiration

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

a. airway opening

b. flexibility of the thoracic cage

c. muscles of inspiration

d. alveolar surface tension

The lung volume that represents the goal volume of exchangeable air is the

a. tidal volume

b. vital capacity

Respiratory control centers are located in the

a. midbrain and medula

b. medulla and pons

c. pons and midbrain

d. upper spinal cord and medulla

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

a. its concentration in the blood is decreased by hypertension

b. its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH

c. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carries in the RBC's

d. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood

Select the correct statement about the pharynx..

a. the pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx

b. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx

c. the larnyngopharanx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx

Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

a. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

b. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

c. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

a. 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma

b. 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminogemoglobin

c. as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

d. attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

Which of the following provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange

a. alveolar sacs

b. alveoli

c.respiratory bronchioles

d. alveolar ducts

Gas emboli may occur because a

a. person holds his breath too long

b. diver holds his breath upon ascent

c. pilot hold her breath upon descent

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are

a. the smooth muscles of the lung

b. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone

c. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs

d. surface tension for pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Most inspired particles such as dust fail the reach the lungs because.

a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

b. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

a. decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation

b. a lung that is less elastic will require less muscles action to perform adequate ventilation

c. as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

d. surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

a. solubility in water

b. partial pressure gradient

c. the temperature

d. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

Tidal volume is air

a. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

b. exchanged during normal breathing

c. inhaled after normal inspiration

d. forced expelled after normal expiration

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the alveoli?

a. cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles

b. resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross section diameter

c. proportionally, smooth muscle decreases uniformly

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

a. adenocarcinoma

b. Kaposi's sarcoma

c. small cell carcinoma

d. squamous cell carcinoma

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs

a. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

d. compliance and transpulmonary pressures

c. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

d. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

nerve impulses from___ will result in inspiration

a. the ventral respiratory group

b. the chemoreceptor

c.Broca's center

d. the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)

a. decrease in pH(acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

b. decrease in pH(acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

c. increase in pH(alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

d. increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by

a. Boyles law

b. henry's law

c. charles law

d. daltons law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

a. humidifying the air before it enters

b. warming the air before it enters

c. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

d. protecting the surface of the alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

a. greater than the pressure of the atmosphere

b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

d. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

a. surface tension of water

b. surfactant

c. cartilage rings

d pseudostratified cilated epithelium

Which of the choices below is not a functional process preformed by the respiratory system?

a. pulmonary ventilation

b. transport of respiratory gases

c. internal respiration

d. pulmonary respiration

The loudness of a person's voices depends on the

a. thickness of vestibular folds

b. length of the vocal folds

c. strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

d. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds