Organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered
pathogens
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs/symptoms that accompany
inflammation
List the features of the skin that offer immunoprotection
presence of lactic acid
continuous barrier to the external environment
presence of defensins
The lymphatic system's functions are
immunity, absorption of lipids, and fluid recovery
A mast cell is very similar to the type of leukocyte called a _____. Both secrete histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation
basophil
List three examples of antimicrobial proteins
defensins, interferon, complement
List the correct order of lymphatic flow through a lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessel
subcapsular sinus of the cortex
sinuses of the cortex and medulla
efferent lymphatic vessel
Cells derived from blood monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called
macrophages
The type of defense that guards against a broad range of pathogens is ____ resistance
nonspecific
Abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling of the tissue is known as
edema
Lymphatic cells called NK (natural killer) cells are classified as
lymphocytes
List three secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph node, tonsils
List the functions of a lymph node
site of B and T cell activation
filtration of lymph
Eosinophils secrete
superoxide
Hematopoiesis occurs in the ____ bone marrow
red
Name the cells that release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and hepain
mast cells, basophils
Follow the flow of lymphatic fluid in the correct order beginning with the blood capillaries
blood capillaries
interstitial spaces
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic ducts
internal jugular and subclavian vein junction
Identify the body's largest lymphatic organ(s), located in the left hypochondriac region
spleen
A ____ is the type of granulocyte with multi-lobed nucleus that serves especially to destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals
neutrophil
Name the cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines
dendritic cell
Name the granulocyte that functions to destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals
neutrophil
Name the plasma proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity
complement
List the features of the tonsils
lymphatic nodules
an incomplete fibrous capsule
tonsillar crypts
List some cells that are classified as lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
NK cells
Name the cells that produces and secretes antibodies
plasma cells
Distinct connective tissue capsules are found surrounding the lymphatic
organs
The thymus is considered part of several body systems. Name these
endocrine, immune, and lymphatic systems
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by _____ cells
B
Name the leukocyte that functions as an antibody-producing cell
plasma cell
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a ____ _____ cell
antigen presenting
_____ T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity
helper
Name the term for an abnormal elevation in body temperature
fever
Name the body system that functions to maintain fluid balance in the tissue, absorbs lipids, and protects against pathogens
lymphatic system
List the events of B cell recognition and attack in the correct order
Immunocompetent B cells bind to antigen
B cell internalizes/displays antigen on MHC-II to TH cell
TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell
B cell undergoes clonal selection
Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodes
List the tissue which lack lymphatic vessels
bone marrow, cornea, central nervous system, and cartilage
Describe lymphatic capillaries
close-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
The ____ line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes
second
Name three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells
heparin, histamine, and leukotriene
____ T cells attack and destroy infected body cells, cancerous cells, and the cells of transplanted tissues by secreting perforins and granzymes
cytotoxic
Name the component of the lymphatic system that consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes in the connective tissues and mucous membranes of various organs
lymphatic tissues
The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called
pus
Name the organ where T-cells mature
thymus
Name the cells that produce the stroma of lymphatic organs
reticular cells
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the
lacteals
Name some beneficial effects of fever
inhibition of bacterial and viral replication
elevated metabolic rate
elevated interferon activity
Name the leukocyte that transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues
monocyte
The third line of defense against pathogens is
the immune system's specific defenses
List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites
producing hydrogen peroxide
producing superoxide anion
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called
lymph
The first line of defense against pathogens consist of
external barriers
List the features of lymphatic vessels
smooth muscle in vessel wall
valves present
tunica interna present
_____ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity
memory