STRUCTURE COMPOSING THE EXTERNAL EAR
PINNA (AURICLE), EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL, TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES COMPOSING THE INTERNAL EAR
COCHLEA, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, VESTIBULE
COLLECTIVELY CALLED THE OSSICLES
INCUS (ANVIL), MALLEUS (HAMMER), STAPES (STIRRUP)
INVOLVED IN EQUALIZING THE PRESSURE IN THE MIDDLE EAR WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (AUDITORY) TUBE
VIBRATES AT THE SAME FREQUENCY AS SOUND WAVES HITTING IT; TRANSMITS THE VIBRATIONS TO THE OSSICLES
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR THE SENSE OF BALANCE
VESTIBULE, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
TRANSMITS THE VIBRATORY MOTION OF THE STIRRUP TO THE FLUID IN THE SCALA VESTIBULI OF THE INNER EAR
OVAL WINDOW
ACTS AS A PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR THE INCREASED FLUID PRESSURE IN THE SCALA TYMPANI; BULGES INTO THE TYMPANIC CAVITY
ROUND WINDOW
PASSAGE BETWEEN THE THROAT AND THE TYMPANIC CAVITY
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (AUDITORY) TUBE
FLUID CONTAINED WITHIN THE MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
ENDOLYMPH
FLUID CONTAINED WITHIN THE OSSEOUS LABYRINTH AND BATHING THE MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
PERILYMPH
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SACS FOUND WITHIN THE VESTIBULE
UTRICLE, SACCULE
CONTAINS HE SPIRAL ORGAN (OF CORTI)
COCHLEAR DUCT
SITES OF THE MACULAE
UTRICLE, SACCULE
POSITIONED IN ALL SPATIAL PLANES
SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
HAIR CELLS OF SPIRAL ORGAN (OF CORTI) REST ON THIS MEMBRANE
BASILAR MEMBRANE
GELATINOUS MEMBRANE OVERLYING THE HAIR CELLS OF THE SPIRAL ORGAN (OF CORTI)
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
CONTAINS THE CRISTA AMPULLARIS
AMPULLA
FUNCTION IN STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
SACCULE, VESTIBULAR NERVE, OTOLITHS
FUNCTION IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
AMPULLA, UTRICLE, CAPULA, VESTIBULAR NERVE
CARRIES AUDITORY INFORMATION TO THE BRAIN
COCHLEAR NERVE
GELATINOUS CAP OVERLYING HAIR CELLS OF THE CRISTA AMPULLARIS
CAPULA
GRAINS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN THE MACULAE
OTOLITHS
SOUND WAVES HITTING THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EARDRUM) INITIATE ITS VIBRATORY MOTION. TRACE THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH VIBRATIONS AND FLUID CURRENTS ARE TRANSMITTED TO FINALLY STIMULATE THE HAIR CELLS IN THE SPIRAL ORGAN (OF CORTI).(NAME THE APPROPRIATE EAR STRUCTURES IN THEIR CORRECT SEQUENCE.)
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE -> MALLEUS -> INCUS -> STAPES -> OVAL WINDOW -> PERILYMPH -> VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE -> ENDOLYMPH -> HAIR CELL OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI.
DESCRIBE HOW SOUNDS OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCY (PITCH) ARE DIFFERENTIATED IN THE COCHLEA.
THE FREQUENCY IS DIFFERENTIATED BY THE LENGTH AND TENSION OF THE BASILAR MEMBRANE FIBERS. HIGH PITCH SOUNDS MAKE IT CLOSE TO OVAL WINDOW, LOW PITCH ARE FURTHER UP BASILAR MEMBRANE NEAR APEX OF COCHLEA. IT DEPENDS ALOT ON THE STRENGTH OF THE VIBRATION OF THE FLUID STIMULATING THE HAIR CELLS.
EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE ENDOLYMPH OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS IN ACTIVATING THE RECEPTORS DURING ANGULAR MOTION.
ENDOLYMPH PUSHES CAPULA IN DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THAT OF ANGULAR MOTION. THIS MOVEMENT DEPOLARIZES HAIR CELLS, RESULTING IN IMPULSE TRANSMISSION UP VESTIBULAR DIVISION OF CRANIAL NERVE VIII (8) TO THE BRAIN.
EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE OTOLITHS IN PERCEPTION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM (HEAD POSITION)
WHEN THE HEAD MOVES, OTOLITHS MOVE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATION IN GRAVITATIONAL PULL. AS THEY DEFLECT DIFFERENT HAIR CELLS, THEY HYPERPOLARIZE OR DEPOLARIZE HAIR CELLS AND MODIFY THE RATE OF IMPULSE TRANSMISSION ALONG VESTIBULAR NERVE.
WHEN THE TUNING FORK HANDLE WAS PRESSED ON YOUR FOREHEAD DURING THE WEBER TEST, WHERE DID THE SOUND SEEM TO ORIGINATE?
FROM THE SIDES OF THE TEMPLES
WHERE DID IT SEEM TO ORIGINATE WHEN ONE EAR WAS PLUGGED WITH COTTON?
SOUND WILL BE HEARD BETTER IN THE PLUGGED EAR BECAUSE THE UNPLUGGED EAR WILL BE SUBJECTED TO COMPETING NOISES FROM WHICH THE PLUGGED EAR IS SPARED
HOW DO SOUND WAVES REACH THE COCHLEA WHEN CONDUCTION DEAFNESS IS PRESENT?
THE COCHLEA IS FILLED WITH A LIQUID, WHICH MOVES IN RESPONSE TO THE VIBRATIONS COMING FROM THE MIDDLE SO IT FEELS THE VIBRATIONS
CAN RESULT FROM THE FUSION OF THE OSSICLES
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
CAN RESULT FROM A LESION ON THE COCHLEAR NERVE
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS
SOUND HEARD IN ONE EAR BUT NOT IN THE OTHER DURING BONE AND AIR CONDUCTION
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS
CAN RESULT FROM OTITIS MEDIA
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS, CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
CAN RESULT FROM IMPACTED CERUMEN OR A PERFORATED EARDRUM
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
CAN RESULT FROMA BLOOD CLOT IN THE AUDITORY CORTEX
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS
THE RINNE TEST EVALUATES AN INDIVIDUALS ABILITY TO HEAR SOUNDS CONDUCTED BY AIR OR BONE. WHICH IS MORE INDICATIVE OF NORMAL HEARING?
BONE
DEFINE NYSTAGMUS
THE INVOLUNTARY ROLLING OF THE EYES IN ANY DIRECTION OR THE TRAILING OF THE EYES SLOWLY IN ONE DIRECTION, FOLLOWED BY RAPID MOVEMENT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
DEFINE VERTIGO
SENSATION OF DIZZINESS AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT WHEN SUCH MOVEMENT IS NOT OCCURING OR HAS CEASED.
THE BARANY TEST INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT THAT ROTATORY ACCELERATION HAD ON THE SEMICIRCULAR CANCALS. EXPLAIN WHY THE SUBJECT STILL HAD THE SENSATION OF ROTATION IMMEDIATELY AFTER BEING STOPPED.
SUBJECT HAD A VIRAL LABYRINTHRINE DISORDER
WHAT IS THE USUAL REASON FOR CONDUCTING THE ROMBERG TEST?
TO DETERMINE OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE IMPULSES ARE BEING TRANSMITTED UP THE SPINAL CORD TO THE BRAIN PROPERLY
WAS THE DEGREE OF SWAY GREATER WITH THE EYES OPEN OR CLOSED? WHY?
CLOSED; YOU LOSE VISUAL REFERENCE POINTS
NORMAL BALANCE, OR EQUILIBRIUM, DEPENDS ON INPUT FROM A NUMBER OF SENSORY RECEPTORS. NAME THEM
VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS, VISUAL RECEPTORS, SOMATIC RECEPTORS
WHAT EFFECT DOES ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAVE ON BALANCE AND EQUILIBRIUM? EXPLAIN
ALCOHOL DEPRESSES THE NEURONS AND ENHANCES THE INHIBITION OF COORDINATION AND CAUSES A LOSS OF EQUILIBRIUM REFLEXES