An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from
outside to inside:
Amucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.
The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:
papillae.
Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds?
filiform
The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is:
cementum.
The greatest proportion of the tooth shell consists of:
dentin.
A permanent set of teeth normally consists of ______ teeth.
32
Which of the following structures controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is secreted by the:
parietal cells.
Which of the following is not associated with the large intestine?
pyloric sphincter
The longest portion of the small intestine is the:
ileum.
The contents of the stomach are emptied into the:
cecum
The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the:
descending colon.
The brush border of the intestinal mucosa consists of:
microvilli.
All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:
mouth
The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the:
mesentery
The hard palate consists of portions of:
four bones: two maxillae and two palatines.
Bile salts aid in the absorption of:
fats.
Bile is secreted by:
hepatic cells.
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
secretion of insulin
Which of the following organs is classified as a dual gland (both exocrine and endocrine)?
pancreas
The hormone glucagon is produced by:
alpha cells.
Main Organs of the digestive system
Begins with the mouth pharynx, esophagus stomach GI tract small intestine (most of the absorption occurs in small intestine) and Large intestine
Major organs that contribute
*Pancreas (exocrine glands)
*Liver (bile)
Neural
A.)Enteric Nervous Sytem
B.) Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus
Hormonal
Hormones secreted mainly by endocrine cells scattered in the epithelium of the stomach and small intestine.
◦ Includes secretin, choecystokinin and gastrin.
◦ Still not fully understood.
Accessory Organ of the digestive system
a. salivary glands
b.tongue
c.teeth
d.liver
e. gallbladder
f. pancreas
g. appendix
Primary Functions
Digestion
breakdown of nutrients ( complex to simple)
absoprtion
-passage of nutrients to blood
-majority in SI
Elimination
-removal of wastes from digestive system
-functionof LI
purposes of digestion
1. absorption
2.metabolism
Mouth
MASTICATION, Chewing (MOUTH: TEETH/TONGUE)
Mechanism ◦ Processes:
#1 & 2 Motility (Mixing and moving)
SALIVA
◦ Moistens food and lubrication
◦ Digestive enzyme to break down complex carbs (amylase)
◦ Dissolve food
◦ Antibacterial properties
DEGLUTITION, Swallowing (MOUTH, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS)
Movement of Food Bolus from Mouth
Back of Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
3 stages of deglutition ( swallowing)
ORAL STAGE (MOUTH TO OROPHARYNX)
◦ Voluntary (Cerebral Cortex)
◦ Tongue pushes food bolus
3 stages of deglutition ( swallowing)
PHARYNGEAL STAGE (OROPHARYNX TO ESOPHAGUS)
◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex: Reflex Center = Deglutition Center)
◦ Requires Closure of 3 Openings:
1) Fauces (By Tongue)
2) Nasopharynx (By Soft Palate, Uvula)
3) Larynx (By Epiglottis)
ESOPHAGEAL STAGE (ESOPHAGUS TO STOMACH)
◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex)
◦ Involves Peristalsis
PERISTALSIS (ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE)
Wavelike Muscle Contractions
◦ Progressive ◦ Organs Involved
◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex)
◦ Purpose: Motility (process
WALL OF THE GI TRACT (DIGESTIVE TUBE PROPER)
LAYERS ( INNERMOST TO OUTERMOST)
MUCOSA
INNERMOST (LINING)
SUBMUCOSA
CT ( SUPPORTS; BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES
MUSCULARIS
MUSCLE TYPE
SMOOTH
MUSCLE LAYERS
CIRCULAR,LONGITUDINAL ( NERVES B/T)
SEROSA
OUTERMOST( COVERING ) AKA VISCERAL PERITONEUM
MOUTH ( ORAL/ BUCCAL CAVITY)
COMPOSED OF 4 STRUCTURES
COMPOSED OF 4 STRUCTURESA.
LIPS- ANTERIOR BOUNDARY OF ORAL CAVITY
1.PHILTRUM-
SHALLOW VERTICAL GROOVE IN MIDLINE ABOVE THE UPPER LIP
2.ORAL FISSURE-
LINE OF CONTACT BETWEEN CLOSED LIPS
CHEEKS- LATERAL BOUNDARIES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
1.BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
-MAJOR CHEEK MUSCLE
2. BUCCAL GLANDS-
-MUCOUS GLANDS; LOCATED WITHIN CHEEKS
-SECRETE MUCOUS INTO ORAL CAVITY
HARD SOFT PALLETE
-ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY
1. HARD PALATE
-BONE ( 2 MAXILLARY AND 2 PALATINE)
SOFT PALATE
- MUSCLE ) BEHIND THE HARD PALATE
FAUCES
OPENING BETWEEN ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARNYX
UVULA
CONE SHAPED STRUCTURE SUSPENDED FROM CENTER OF CONE PALATE.
TONGUE-
FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY
TONGUE MUSCLE
2 TYPES
INTRINSIC ( INTERNAL)
-COMPOSE OF THE TONGUE ( ORIGIN AND INSERTION WITHIN TONGUE)
note( the tongue is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.
function: TONGUE MANEUVERABILITY ( ABILITY TO CHANGE SIZE AND SHAPE; IMPORTANT IN CHEWING AND SPEECH)
An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from
outside to inside:
Amucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.
The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:
papillae
Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds?
filiform
The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is:
cementum
The greatest proportion of the tooth shell consists of:
dentin.
A permanent set of teeth normally consists of ______ teeth.
32
Which of the following structures controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is secreted by the:
parietal cells.
Which of the following is not associated with the large intestine?
pyloric sphincter
The longest portion of the small intestine is the:
ileum.
The contents of the stomach are emptied into the:
duodenum.
Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine?
cecum
The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the:
descending colon.
The brush border of the intestinal mucosa consists of:
microvilli.
All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:
mouth
The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the:
mesentery
The hard palate consists of portions of:
four bones: two maxillae and two palatines.
Bile salts aid in the absorption of:
fats.
Bile is secreted by:
hepatic cells.
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
secretion of insulin
Which of the following organs is classified as a dual gland (both exocrine and endocrine)?
pancreas
The hormone glucagon is produced by:
alpha cells.