Microbiology: Exam 1 review Flashcards

Clustered

Spherical

Gold

GI tract

Colon

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotes
• No nucleus
• Peptidoglycan cell wall ( carb+protein)
• Binary Vision (divid into two)
• Energy= Organic compounds or photosynthesis

• Acellular
• Core= DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein coat, may have enclosed lipid envelope
• Only replicated in living host cells

• Acidophiles - Acid loving
• Halophiles - Salt loving
• Thermophiles - Heat loving
• Alkaliphiles - Alkali loving
• Methanogens - Methan loving

• Microbes normally present on human body
• Prevent growth of pathogens
• Produce growth factors ( vitamin k & folic acid)

Skin, Stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

Increasing incidences of a new disease that may have evolved or spread to a new location, Ebola.

• Ionic -Middle
• Covalent -Strongest
• Hydrogen - Weakest

Attraction between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains an electron.

Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

• Atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule.
• Electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules

• Synthesis
• Decomposition
• Exchange
• Reversible

Atoms, ions, or molecules combine and form a new larger molecule

Synthesis Reaction

Molecules split into caller molecules, ions, or atoms

Decomposition Reaction

Exchange Reaction

Part synthesis and part decomposition

Can go either direction

Reversible Reaction

Substances that dissociate into one of more H⁺

Acid

Substance that dissociate into one or more OH^-

Base

Amount of H⁺ in a solution

Increased acidity

Increased alkalinity

7

• Carbs
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

• Cell structure and energy source
• (CH₂O)_n
• Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms, glucose, fructose

Formed when 2 monosaccarides are joined in dehydration synthesis

Tens or hundreds pf monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

• Store energy & primary components of cell membranes
• C,H, and O
• Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
• Non polar , insoluble in water

• Saturated with the max amount of hydrogens.
• Hydrocarbon are straight and can pack close together = solid at room temp
• Cannot have anymore Hydrogens

• Double bonds reduce the # of hydrogens
• Cant pack close together = liquid at room temp
• Small number of Hydrogens

• Cell structure and function
• Enzymes- speed up chem reactions
• Trans. Protein- Move chem across membrane
• Flagella- made of protein
• some bacteria toxins are protein

building blocks of proteins

• Bond between amino acids
• Every peptide bond between 2 amino acids, one water molecule is released
• Formed by hydration synthesis

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

Polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence)

Unique sequence which amino acids are linked together to form a peptide chain

Genetically determined

Helix and pleated sheet (with 3 polypeptide strands)

Depends on amino acid sequence

Localized, repetitious, twisting or folding of the peptide chain.

Shape results from hydrogen bonds joining the atoms of peptide bonds at diffrent locations along polypeptide chain

When helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogens bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.

Determines what protein looks like

• Glycoproteins
• Lipoproteins

contain oligosaccharides covalently attached to proteins

Contain both proteins and lipids, bound to the proteins, which allow fats to move through the water

• One circular chromosome, not a membrane
• Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
• Archaea: Pseudomurein cell walls

• Paired chromosome, in nuclear membrane
• Polysaccharide cell wakks

• Coccus- Sherical
• Bacillus- rod shaped
• Spiral
  • Spirillum
  • Vibrio
  • Spirochete

• Pairs
• Clusters
• Chains
• Terads
• Sarcinae

Diplococci and Diplobacilli

Staphylococci

Streptococci and Streptobacilli

Divide in two planes

divide in four planes

• Stack of peptidoglycan
• One membrane
• Stains purple

• Single layer
• Seconds membrane
• Periplasmic space

Movement from high to low concentration

Movement from hight to low concentration, but involves a transporter protein

Any molecule can move thought transporter protein

Only certain molecules can move through transporter protein

Movement against concentration gradient, allows bacteria to accumulate high concentrations , needs ATP

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, allows free movement

Equal on both sides, allows free movement

Solution lower that osmotic pressure, less salute & more water

Higher concentration of salutes inside the cell, water flows out to maintain balance.

Sum of chemical reactions in an organism

Provides energy and building blocks fro anabolism

Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules

Facilitate and catalyze proteins

Some are highly specific based on conformation (prime,sec,&tertiary)

They are reusable

An enzyme without its cofactor, inactive

Apoenzyme plus cofactor, active

• Temperature- best at 37 C
• pH- Optimum 7.2-7.4
• Substrate concentration- W/ increase the rate of increasing active site till all enzymes are at maximum
• Inhibitors - Feedback inhibition binds to molecule decreases its activity

Both are used in catabolism to extract energy and store it in ATP

Removal of electrons produces energy

Gain of electrons

Respiration uses all 3 steps and fermentation only uses glycolysis

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron transport chain

Use light as primary energy source

Use energy from chemicals (oxidation reduction)

use carbon dioxide as carbon source

Use organic carbon source