What is the ultimate goal of recombinant DNA
to improve the organism
What cuts DNA at specific sequences
restriction enzyme
Why must the recipient plasmid be cut with the same restriction enzyme
to allow for a site in the plasmid for the donor DNA to attach
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
They cut DNA at sites called recognition sites that have specific nucleotide sequences
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene
to insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene
What attached the target gene to a desired location
DNA ligase
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell
it can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein
restriction enzymes are
bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA
a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a
clone
In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome
True
A plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal and plant cells
shuttle vector
These are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
restriction enzymes
rapidly increases the number of copies of a piece of DNA
PCR
sequencing DNA, making copies of a gene to put into another organism, identifying traits that may lead to a genetic disorder
These are all examples of
PCR
sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism.
these are all examples of
PCR
self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another
vector
a segment of DNA
restriction fragment
what is the end goal of PCR
to quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence
PCR stands for
polymerase chain reaction
sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism
PCR
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
at DNA sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene
to insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene
What attached a target gene to a desired location
DNA ligase
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell
It can be copied, transcribed and translated into a desired protein
the reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase
mRNA----cDNA
not an agricultural product made by DNA techniques
pectinase
if you have inserted a gene in the Ti plasmid, the next step in genetic engineering is
inserting the Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium
use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease resistant crop plants
biotechnology
the restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes sequence GAATTC. What is true of DNA after it is treated with EcoRI
all of the DNA fragments will have single stranded regions ending in G
which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA:
GCATGGATCCCAATGC
BamHI GGATCC
CCCTAGG
a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a
clone
self replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another
vector
the Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on
determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome
place the following steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order.
1- incubate at 94 to denature DNA strands
2-incubate at 72 for DNA synthesis
3- incubate at 60 for primer hybridization
312
132
321
123
213
132
what is used to silence specific genes and hold promise for treating cancer or viral disease such as hepatitis b
RNA interference
what technique is not used to introduce recombinant DNA into plants
microinjection
a source of heat stable DNA polymerase
Thermus aquaticus
gene silencing blocks an undesirable product by
making a double stranded RNA
to determine where a person has a certain gene a process is involved using a primer and a heat stable DNA polymerase
PCR
the use of an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes
direct selection possible
the use of suicide genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to
prevent the growth of the modified organisms in the environment
a restriction fragment
a segment of DNA
what is not involved in making cDNA
translation
restriction enzymes are
bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA
the study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is
metagenomics
the term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products
false
in recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome
true
the practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits is called natural selection
false
a shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms
true
nearly all cells naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment
false
one of the first commercial success of recombinant DNA technology was the production of human insulin using genetically engineered e coli
true
bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence
true
the Bt toxin has been introduced into some crop plants to make them resistant to insect destruction
true
important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
restriction enzymes
unmatched recombinant DNA technique and application
gene silencing: production of subunit vaccines
why is bakers yeast useful for expressing genetically engineered genes
yeast cells are eukaryotic and so would likely be successful in expressing eukaryotic genes
false statement about recombinant DNA
has limited application because genes of interest cannot be moved from one type of cell to another.
true statement concerning viruses
the host range for a virus is determined by the presence or absence of particular components on the surface of a host cell that are required for the virus to attach
how does specialized transduction differ from lysogency
the prophase in specialized transduction carries with it pieces of the host chromosomal DNA
what happens to the packaged DNA of a specialized transduced phage when it infects a new recipient cell
the host DNA integrates, with the prophage, into the new recipient chromosome
how can a specialized transduction contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistant genes in bacterial population
the prophage takes an antibiotic resistance gene with it and is packaged with the newly synthesized viral DNA
true statement concerning a lysogenic viral replication cycle
during lysogency, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome
how are virus different from cells
they require a host in order to reproduce
what is the function of the structural elements of a virus
to package and protect the viral genome
how do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in their attachment/penetration phase
their nucleic acids are injected into the cell
which virus employs the use of an RNA dependent RNA polymerase
+RNA viruses
which of the following viruses is transcribed from RNA to DNA to RNA during the replication cycle
retroviruses
which type of virus would produce viral glycoproteins to be expressed on the host cell membrane
enveloped viruses
what can be directly used a messenger RNA
+RNA
which step of viral replication are antibodies directly preventing
attachment
in which step does the virus acquire an envelop
release
what occurs during viral uncoating
the capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome
how do all viruses differ from bacteria
virus are not composed of cells
false statement about viruses
viruses use their own catabolic enzymes
viruses are the only know infectious agents that are obligatory intracellular parasites
false
what is not used as a criterion to classify viruses
biochemical tests
glycoprotein spikes are found on the capsids of all viruses
false
viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase belong to the virus families
hepadvaviridae and retroviridae
DNA made from an RNA template will be incorporated into the virus capsid of
hepadnaviridae
not utilized to culture viruses
culture media
bacteriophages and animal viruses do not differ significantly in this step
biosynthesis
phage DNA in incorporated into host cell DNA
lysogency
lysogency can result in all the following except
immunity to reinfection by any phage
the first step in the biosynthesis of a virus with a minus strand of RNA
synthesis of double stranded RNA from an RNA template
a viruss ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the
presence of receptor sites on cell membrane
the mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called
budding
bacteriophages derive all the following from the host cell except
lysozyme
bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves
injection of naked nucleic acid into the host cell
generally in an infection caused by a DNA containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following except
DNA polymerase
the third step in multiplication of herpesviruses
uncoating
the fourth step in multiplication of retroviruses
synthesis of double stranded DNA
the third step of a + strand RNA virus
synthesis of - strand of RNA
the most conclusive evident that viruses cause cancers is provided by
cancer following injection of cell free filtrates
oncogenic viruses
cause tumors to develop
what is necessary for replication of a prion
PrPsc
an infectious protein
prion
which virus is not associated with cancer
coronavirus
the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease
pathology
example of a symbiotic relation known as a mutualism
e coli within the large intestine
epidemiology is defined as the study of
where and when a disease occurs and how it is transmitted
role of epidemiology
to learn how to treat and prevent various diseases
a true statement about the development of infectious disease
the period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers
one effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. this can result in
increased susceptibility to disease
a commensal bacterium
may also be an opportunistic pathogen
a true statement about symbiotic relationship
a least one member must benefit
transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota
are present for a relatively short time
Kock observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. what is this condition called
septicemia
a pattern of disease where the patient is not experiencing any signs or symptoms
incubation and convalescence
what disease is not spread by droplet infection
botulism
biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission
involves specific diseases
an example of a fomite
hypodermic needle
a cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission
indirect contact transmission
a needlestick is an example of a
fomite
a nosocomial infection is
acquired during the course of hospitalization
pseudomonas bacterial colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. this is an example of
nosocomial infection
the science that deals with when disease occur and how they are transmitted is called
epidemiology
for a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates
true
diseases that are referred to as EID have only been discovered in the past fifty years
false
compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems
false
reservoirs of infections are always animate objects
false
both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens
true