Chemistry Final Flashcards

Changes without changing its chemical composition
(condense, freeze, melt, dissolve, grin, change in state)

When 1 or more substances change into new substances
Chemical compostion changes
Chemical Reaction
(change in odor, gas, precipitate, energy light, heat, color change)

observed without changing chemical compostion
(boiling point, melting point, solubility, color, odor, hardness, density)

ability to undergo a chem reaction
(flammable, rusting, not reacting)

matter is neither created no destroyed

a pure substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances

pure substance made from atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically bonded (H20)

1. All matter is made of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible
2. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
3. Compounds are formed by a combo of 2 or more different kinds of atoms
4. Chemical reactions rearrange atoms

Nucleus: Made of protons and neutrons (In the center)
Electrons: Orbit around the nucleus in specific energy levels

ERnest Rutherford shot positively charged particles (alpha particles) at a thin piece of foil and some went right through while some reflected back
Conclusions:1. most of an atom is empty space 2. atoms have a nucleus (small dense core with a positvie charge)

atomic # and # of electrons

# protons and # electrons

# protons + # neutrons

forms of the same atom that vary in mass and have a different number of neutrons (common to al elements-not all natural)

Cu-63 (63=mass)

63 CU
29 (63= mass 29 = atomic #)

(Schrodinger) Quantum- the amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the nest higher one
-Mathematical formula to describe the probability of finding electrons within a certain space

(Floors) region aroudn teh nucleus where the electron is likely to be moving n= 1, 2, 3, 4, etc

(Rooms) each energy level is broken up into sublevels
# of sublevels= # of quantum for that energy level

(Beds) 2 electrons per bed
S-Spherical shaped
P-Dumbell Shaped
D-Clover shaped
F-too complex

believed that matter was composed of atoms based on mental reasoning

believed atoms were solid and indivisible mass based on research

(plum pudding)discovered the electron, electrons stuck into a lump of positively charged material- didnt know specifics

Most of an atoms mass is concentrated in a small positively charged region called the nucleus

electrons orbit around the nucleus

Erwin Shrodinger- based on math- where the electrons are located

fully functioning periodic table on a cylinder

atomic mass

periodic table

arranged table based on mass

Final version of the table

Little packets of photons

Visible light ahs a h of 700-750 nm
1nm = 1 x 10-9 m

v

C=hv
Light travels throgh space at 3.00 * 108 m/s

E=Hv
E= energy
H- Plancks constant= 6.662 * 10-34 Js
v= frequency

Amplitude

energy required to remvoe an electron from an ion or atom

low to high
amount of pull that an atom's nucleus exerts on another atom's electrons when they are bonded

an atom's size depending on the volume occupied by electrons around the nucleus

atoms will have 8 valence elctrons

bodnign together of atoms due to an electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence elctrons (ionic and covalent)

attraction of ions in which atoms completely give up electrons to other atoms (cations+anions)

combination of a metal cation and a non-metal anion in order to establish a stable, neutral compound

Positive charge (metals)

Negative charge (nonmetals)

Made up of one type of atom

Tightly bound group of atoms that act as a whole and have a charge- NH4

1.Find the charge of the anion
2. Multiply the charge of anion by the subscript of the anion
3. Divide by the subscript on the cation

bonds form so atoms can be stable

forms from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

Bonding electrons are being shared equally between the bonded atoms

shared pair of electrons is held more closely by one fo the atoms
-electrons closer to atom with higher electronegativity

a molecule that has a positvie end and a negative end

Add together total number of valence electrons

1 mole = 6.022 * 10 23

mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance

Molar Mass of element *10
Molar mass of compound

shows the simplest ration for elements
1. Conver % to grams
2. Convert grams to mol
3. Subscripts to whole number (divide by lowest)
(If its still not whole number mulitply by whole numbers)

a whole number multipe of an empirical formula

A+B= AB

AB = A + B

AB + M = MB + A

AB + CD = AD + BC

CxHyO2 = CO2 + H20

Br I N Cl H O F

use of reactatnts and products to perform calculations

measured amount of a product obtaienc from a reaction

max amount of product that can be produced in a given reaction

1.convert both reactants to grams of the same product
2. Identify the L.R (one that produces least amount of product)

1. used to predict gas behavior
2. states gas particles are in constant motion

dissolving medium

what is being dissolved

bond between hydrogen and dipole

al the electrons are on one side and it is a temporary dipole

like a battery

not uniform throughout, composed of dissimilar things, can be seperated

uniform composition or structure throughout, same proportions throught can not be filtered

particles are initially dispersed but will eventually settle out (Hetero)

Particles are dispersed throughout (homo)

gas dispersed in liquid (particles are intermediate in size betweeen those of solutions and suspensions (S, L, G)

a substance that dissolves in a liquid solvent and provides ions that conduct electricity

does not allow an electric curret to move through (no ions)

Can not dissolve any more solute under conditions

solution with less solute then the saturated solution-can dissolve more

A soluton with more dissolved solute than a saturated and cannot dissolve more

dissolved salt raises the boiling point causing water to boil at a higher temp

dissolved salt lowers the freezing point

a property of a substance that is determined by the number of particles present in the system but independent of the properties of the particles themselves- the degree of the effect depends on the concentration

products reform into the original reactants

Occurs when H30 and OH react to rofm H20 and salt

point at which neutralization reaction is complete

gradual additon of one solution to another reach teh equivalence point

when a pair of H20 molecules are in equilibrium