Prince D'Elboeuf and the King + Queen of Naples
Discovery and excavation of the Herculaneum in Pompeii in 1710 CE and 1748 CE respectively.
Pompeii
Destroyed in 79 CE when Mt. Vesuvius exploded. est 10,000 death toll over a 30 hour eruption.
Thomas Jefferson
Discovered and excavated the Burial Mounds (1743 - 1826 CE)
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth; Stratification of Rocks and uniformitarianism (1785)
Charles Lyell
Principles of Geology (1833)
Jacques Boucher de Perthes
Artifacts and extinct animal bones (1841)
Charles Darwin (Thomas Malthus)
Origin of Species: Natural selection (1859)
C.J Thomsen
Relative-Dating Three Age System: Stone, Bronze and Iron (1848)
Sir John Evans
Typology: The Like-with-like System (1860)
Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan
Ethnography: Theory of evolving societies (1800s)
• Savagery,
barbarism, civilization
Napolean
Discovery of the Rosetta Stone
Jean-Francois Champollion
Deciphered the Rosetta stone in 1822
Henry Layard
Found the Cuneiform texts in Mesopotamia (1800s)
Henry Rawlinson
Deciphered the Cuneiform texts in the 1850s
Henry Schliemann
Applied stratigraphy on Homer's Iliad to find Troy (1870-1880s)
General Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers
Exact locations of archaeological remains
Sir William Flinders Petrie
Sequence (seriation) dating using Egyptian pottery. The Father of Egyptian Archaeology.
Sir Mortimer Wheeler
Grid square method
Dorothy Garrod
Identified the Natufian culture of the Near East
Howard Carter
Discovered King Tutankhamen's tomb in the 1920s
Lewis and Mary Leakey
Hominid discoveries in Olduvai Gorge, East Africa
George Bass
– Underwater Archaeology
– Bronze Age shipwreck of the coast of
Turkey
– Uluburun discovered by Mehmed Cakir, SW Turkey
William Rathje
– Garbage Project in Tucson, Arizona
– Urban Archaeology
Franz Boas
The direct historical approach (Classifactory)
Gordon Childe
– Assemblages linked to cultural groups
– Neolithic and Urban
revolutions to explain change
Julian Steward
– Human / Environment interaction
– Cultural ecology: Cultural
activities and change due to environment and environmental change
Gordon Willey
Applied Steward’s theory to the Viru Valley in Peru to study cultural change in the landscape, over 1500 years of occupation
Willard Libby
Radiocarbon dating and absolute dating (Archaeological Science)
Lewis Binford
Processual Archaeology
– Interpretation focus – Why question?
– Explain rather than
describe
– Theories should be ‘testable’
– Key Concepts of
New Archaeology
Ian Hodder and Michael Shanks
– Objectivity is unattainable
– Each archaeological project must
be handled separately
Çatal Hüyük
A neolithic Segmentary (tribal) settlement from 7200 - 5400 BCE
Michael Schiffer
Formational Processes
Elman Service
Four Fold Classification system: Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State
StoneHenge
a structure that's part of a chiefdom society in England from 5000 BP
Moundbuilder Sites / Serpent Mound
A Structure that's part of a chiefdom society in Ohio from 5000 BP
Barrow at Tara
A Chiefdom society structure from Meath, Ireland, 5000BP
Easter Island
Statues from a Chiefdom society from 600-300 BP
Manitoba Red River Valley Farming Sites
Segmentary sites from Manitoba 600BP
Early European Farming Sites
Segmentary sites from across Europe 7000BP
Fincastle Site
A Band society site in Southern Alberta from 2500BP
Veldwevelt site
A Band society site in Belgium from 130,000BP
Lubbock Lake site
A Band Society site in Texas from 13,000BP
!Kung Bushman sites
Band Society sites in Southern Africa from varying times
Julian Steward
Cultural Ecology as part of the complete cultural system
Karl Butzer
Archaeology as Human Ecology