Symbiotic relationship in which
Parasitism
one organism is adapted to live in/ on another loosely
Ectoparasites: are fleas, lice, ticks that all have
Parasitism
behavioral, physiological and morphological adaptations to find and exist on hosts
Symbiosis: Parasitism is a
long term interaction between two organisms of different species
- one species benefits and other is harmed
Social parasitism take advatantage of eusocial insect species through
invasion of the hive and exploitation of resources
Ant mimicry can be result of
anti predation by visual( or non) means
allows them to live unharmed in ant nest
Lycaenid butterfiles mimic brood and alarm
pheromone of ants to integrate themselves into nest
Rely on myrmica ant to raise their brood
Brood Parasite deceives into caring for the mimic as
there own young
Cuckoo Bees lack
pollen collecting structures so they
- enter the nests of pollen collecting species and lay eggs
Cuckoo bee larva hatches, consumes the
host pollen and kills and eats the host larva
Kleptoparasite remains in nest and lays
eggs, sometimes killing and replacing queen
Kleptoparasitism is parasitism that
involves theft
- steals food/resources
Faculative parasitism
does not rely on any host
Emery's Rule is a trend of social parasites to be
closely related to host
Best known in Hymenoptera
Obligate Parasites depend on the host for survival and cant complete lifecycle without
host exploitation
Cuckoo wasps(Vespula a.) do not build their
(form of obligate parasitic wasp: social parasite)
own nests, and females kill queens of host colony and the workers take care of their offspring
Psocodea: Parasitic Lice(social parasite) are ectoparasites that
feed on blood
Two species infest humans:
Head lice(pediculus humanus) and Crab louse(Pthirus Pubis)
Psocodea spend their entire life on their
host from egg to adult
- flattenbody
Psocodea require extreme
host specificty- one species of louse is adapted to one host
are cospeciation
- lice use phoresy when host dies
Phoresy
using organisms to travel
Siponaptera: Fleas are external
obligate parasites
adapted to host fur and skin
Fleas mouthparts of adults are adapted into
found in pronatal or genal combs(helps them remain on host)
piercing stylet
- laterally flattened
- hind legs to jump
Obligate ectoparasites are
adults only
Fleas can extend the pupal stage during
50% eggs, 35% larvae, 10% pupae, 5% adults
adverse conditions and can last months before emerging
-eggs be resistant to pesticide
Vibration, CO2 and heat trigger the flea to
emerge and seek a host
Livestock Pests can be removed by
obstructing the breathing channel and removing with forceps or
wait for pupation to occur
- spines anchor the larvae into skin causing extreme discomfort
Screwworm fly (Cocholiomya sp.) larvae infest
eradicated using Sterile Insect Technique
exposed soft tissues
will feed on living tissue
capable of killing an animal through severe tissue damage
Endoparasites infest
Ex. Bot flies (oestridae)
warmblooded animals and can be severe livestock pests
Microparasite are
hematophagic(blood feeding)
- have more than one host
Hemaotophagy behavior makes microparasites excellent
vectors of disease
- pass smaller parasites from one to host to another
Rat Flea primary vector for Yersinia Pestis caused the
plague known as "The Black Death"
- killed ppl in Europe