Hymenoptera females have
prominent ovipositors
- ovipositor may be stinger
Eusociality among Hymenoptera has arisen
several times within this group
Hymenoptera can be divided into two suborders
Symphyta
Apocrita
Apocrita: ‘Wasp Waist’ constriction of waist important for
maneuvering the ovipositor
Aprocrita: Wasp Waist constricted abdominal segment is known as
petiole
The segments beyond petiole is known as
gaster
The schmidt insect sting pain index
measures 30 insects and rated their pain
Parasitoid Wasps lay eggs
and eventually kill their host as
*eggs needed to be small or they would not have enough room
inside or another arthropod
larvae grow and develop
In parasitoid wasps, they have a
Specialized host range, wasp preferentially chooses specific insect to lay its eggs on
Parasitoids Vs Predators
Predators and parasitoids both use animals as their food source
Parasitoids are defined by
- larval feeding behavior
- Always results in death of host
- Only one host needed to complete development(more selective)
- Feeds exclusively on body of another arthropod (on or within)
Only females in parasitoids are involved in
host seeking
The host does not die until
parasitoid has completely developed
Parasitoids evolved in the
* Hymenoptera(altrusic) haploid diploidy- Family(Orissidae)
*monophyletic lineage
holometabola
Parasitoids: Wood Wasps
Siricoidea ~ sister group to Orussidae
feed on dead
wood digested by symbiotic fungi
Some siricoids are missing
fungi and rely on use of fungi associated with other insects
Parasitoids in Orussidae evolved as larvae began to
kill and eventually eat other insects
Development of Parasitoid Wasps larvae causes the
death of host
Parasitoids vs Parasities:
Parasitoids always kill the host
Endoparasitoids laid eggs
within the host and it would continue to grow and develop while larvae feed within
Ectoparasitoids laids eggs
outside the host in which the host would be paralyzed and does not grow
Polyembryony
for PARASITOID WASPS
one egg will produce multiple larvae
the larve will feed on host tissue until it is ready to emergy
Samurai Wasps(Trissolcus Japonicus) parasitizes
stink bug by depositing eggs into the eggs of the stink bug, and when they develop, they kill the stink bug eggs
Polydnaviruses are a mutualistic relationship with
parasitoid wasps that replicate within female oviducts
Virus protect larvae within the host by
weakening the host immune system which is incorporated into the wasps genome