Antithesis
"To err is human, to forgive, divine."
Placing contrasting terms or ideas close together in a parallel structure.
Eg: "My only love sprung from my only hate."
Effect: to emphasise their difference and give the effect of balance
Apostrophe
A direct address to a person or personified idea.
Eg: O death! Where is thy sting?
Effect: A cry, or outpouring of emotion
Caesura
An audible pause in a line of poetry
Eg: "If this proves true, they'll pay for it. By my honour."
Effect: to create a dramatic (or rhythmic) effect. Notice the difference between the comma and the full stop above.
Symbolism
A word or phrase signifying a sign or mark representing something else
The dove (of peace), the cross (Christianity)
Effect: A symbol brings a significant idea and all its connotations in a single word/phrase
Enjambment
When the meaning from a line of poetry is completed on the next line.
"How long have they tugged the leash, and strained apart,
My pack of unruly hounds."
Effect: Emphasises an idea or adds to the flow of the line
End stopped line
The lines of a stanza that give a grammatical pause at the end of each line
"I can haul and urge them no more."
Purpose: To complete an idea both visually and grammatically
Sibilance
The repetition of the consonant sound /s/ or /z/
Effect: hissing sound; onomatopoeic effect
Purpose: to slow the reader.