Define work in a biological context.
The ability to do stuff (bring about change).
Define Aerobic respiration.
A process where organic molecules and oxygen are used to make ATP
What happens in the process of fermentation? (reactants and products)
Partial sugar degradation without the use of oxygen to regenerate NAD+
How many metabolic stages does cellular respiration have?
3. Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
What happens in a redox reaction?
partial or complete transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
What is NAD+ used for during organic molecule breakdowns?
To transfer electrons
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
To harvest energy from electrons in small, controlled steps and turn chemical energy into ATP
What is the chemical reaction of glycolysis and where does it occur?
Glucose (6C) becomes two pyruvate (3C) molecules
What is pyruvate oxidization and where does it occur?
Pyruvate oxidization is the process that turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and CO2 right before it enters the Krebs cycle. It occurs right as pyruvate enters the mitochondria from the cytosol
Why is the production of NADH and FADH2 during the Krebs cycle important?
Because those molecules are needed in the following electron transport chain
Of Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain which produces the most ATP, roughly how much is that in a percent?
the electron transport chain with 90% of the ATP production
Oxidative phosphorylation produced how much ATP with one glucose molecule?
32 ATP
There are two kinds of phosphorylation. _________-__________ phosphorylation and ________________ phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What are cytochromes?
electron carriers with an iron atom
ATP synthase
Using a motor mechanism in the mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase is a process where H+ are pumped from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
Define chemiosmosis
energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
proton-motive force
The H+ gradient that allows the capacity to do work
Alcohol fermentation turns ___________ into ethanol and releases _____ in the process
pyruvate, CO2
Lactic acid fermentation turns pyruvate into _________ with the help of NADH
lactose
Obligate anearobes do not require oxygen. What happens if they come into contact with it?
They die <3
Facultative anaerobes differ from Obligate anaerobes how?
The do not die in the presence of oxygen, they can make use of cellular respiration
What is the main input and output of beta oxidiztion?
Input: fatty acids
Output: acetyl CoA
____________ is when the body uses small molecules to build other substances
Biosynthesis