teeth
mechanically break down food
salivary glands
secrete digestive enzymes (amylase) to begin chemical breakdown of food
esophagus
transport food to stomach
heart
blood pump
thymus
immune system
some wbc mature here
thyroid
no digestive function
hormonally governs metabolism
hyper
vs hypo thyroidism
lungs
gas exchange
stomach
produces HCl and pepsinogen which help in the chemical breakdown of food
breakdown of proteins via pepsin
storage
liver
turn erythrocytes into bile
filters toxins
turns ammonia waster from protein breakdwon into urea
produces cholesterol and fibrinogen
stores glycogen
gallbladder
stores bile produced by the lives
umbilical vein
brings blood from placenta to fetus
small intestine
nutrient absorption
some secretion
umbilical arteries
2
they take blood from fetus to placenta
bile duct
transports bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum
spleen
lymphatic system
no digestive function
helps breakdown work
out red blood cells
diaphragm
muscle sheet that separates abdominal from thoracic
regions
allows vocalizations of mammals
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes and delivers them through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum
duodenum
receives chyme from the stomach along with bile and digestive enzymes from the gallbladder and pancreas
jejunum
responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption and reabsorption of water
ileum
continues the process of nutrient absorption and reabsorption of water
large intestine
reabsorbs water
caecum
holds symbionts that breakdown cellulose
animals cannot
breakdown this polymer, rather they must have bacteria or protists in
their gut who can
urinary bladder
stores urine
cecum
small, blind-ended out-pocket demarcating the beginning of the large intestine that has a reduced appearance and function in carnivores and omnivores; in herbivores it contains anaerobic bacteria responsible for fermentation of cellulose and other plant materials
spiral colon
responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes; transports feces to the rectum by peristalsis
rectum
final site of water reabsorption and feces dehydration
anus
regulates egestion of undigested food from the body
exocrine pancreas
digestion; 90% of the pancreas
produces a variety of inactive
enzymes which are piped to the duodenum
pancreatic
amylase
sodium bicarbonate
endocrine pancreas
hormone; 10% of pancreas
isolated regions called islets of
langerhans
alpha cells release glucagon
beta cells release insulin
cystic duct
comes from gallbladder to common bile
hepatic duct
comes from liver to common bile
protease
An enzyme that digests proteins by hydrolysis.
brush border
composed of microvilli that greatly increase the surface area
pyloric sphincter
staggers good so that not all at one time enters duodenum
cardiac sphincter
prohibit food from backing up into esophogus