genetics midterm definitions Flashcards

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A group of bacteria that came from a single bacteria. (Then they would be genetically similar)

where certain traits were dominant and recessive, with dominant traits masking the effects of recessive genes. (created by gregor mendel)

consist of two true bred specimen so that their alleles are known and will be homozygous

Offspring of the P generation, consisting of 100% heterozygous individuals, thus containing both alleles from parents and 100% exhibiting the dominant traits

Offspring of F1 generation, will have an even amount of homozygous and heterozygous individuals but 75% will exhibit the dominant trait

A tool that allows us to predict the outcomes of certain crosses. Alleles from both parents being crossed are represented and combined to create a new set of alleles.

allow us to predict the chances of two alleles being inherited simultaneously.

The likelihood of something happening or being the case

Allows us calculate probability without having to think of every
sequence in which events occur. The formula is (a+b)^n

Allows us to calculate deviations from observed and
expected numbers to determine if this is due to chance or if it is statistically significant. (helps use find the probability value)

greater than (.05) 5% is insignificant

less than (.05) 5% is significant

the number of categories being measured (in this case phenotypes) minus one

Any animal, plant, or microbe that has had their DNA altered using genetic engineering. We are around GMOs everyday, some can be helpful, some can be harmful.

Wild carrots, chickens, hybrid dogs (doodles), E. coli k-12

Looking at singular genes

Looking at multiple genes

Any test that is capable of identifying changes to DNA

Shows relationships between individuals as well as affected
family members.

The individual who serves as the starting point for genetic study for a family.

The patient seeking information

Any chemical capable of inducing cancer

A disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. (Can happen in any type of cells)

non-cancerous cells that don't harm us

Cancerous and spread through metastasis

A type of cancer that is caused by 4 types of mutated genes. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2

Also known as HNPCC and is a type of inheritable cancer

Method of separating DNA, RNA, or even proteins by size and charge

proteins produced by bacteria that cuts DNA at specific sites. (Restriction endonucleases)

nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule where both strands are identical

C1V1=C2V2

The cell cycle is a process of growth and division for cells

Creates two daughter cells from a single parent cell. also means thread for its threadlike appearance.

Reduces the number of chromosomes from 2n to n in a cell to create gametes (reproductive cells)

The end goal is four daughter cells with a variety of chromosomes to allow for genetic diversity in offspring

Occurs during prophase I and allows for genetic diversity in the world and is the reason why you are not 100% like your parents or siblings

Where the homologous chromosomes cross over and genetic material is exchanged

non-sex related chromosomes

alleviates any tension that is created by the unwinding of the double helix of DNA

It looks for specific areas in the DNA to cut. It is capable of making double strand breaks

It removes the areas that the endonucleases cut through

It seals breaks in the DNA, allowing for the integration of the new DNA onto the existing strand

Some genes are located on sex chromosomes, meaning some
individuals are more likely to express a trait (or disorder) than others

male - XY

female - XX

Red-green color blindness, Hemophilia, Male pattern baldness, fragile X syndrome

Most diverse fungal phylum

The defining feature is a microscopic sexual structure. Ascospores are formed there

The fusion of two hyphae together

Cells have two haploid nuclei

Nuclei fuse together and create one diploid nucleus

Results in four cells haploid ascospores

Cells divide to form eight ascospores in an ascus

Mature ascus release the ascospores to start a new mycelium

It is a microscopic ascomycete thats life cycle is usually 1 to 2 weeks

The tendency of genes that are located close to each other on
the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis

When 2 traits are regularly inherited together and we can determined that those genes are close together on a chromosome.

Calculating the frequency of recombination events between genes.

total recombination's/total offspring's) x 100

Theory that describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Proteins

Making a copy of RNA from a genes DNA sequence. Also produces mRNA from segments of DNA to produce proteins

The strand of mRNA is decoded to produce a particular sequence of amino acids (proteins)

chains of amino acids that have the same basic structure. (amino acid, carboxy group, and a side chain)

Caused by the interaction of amino acids in the linear
sequence. There are four levels of protein structure.

The linear sequence of amino acids. A straight chain often called a polypeptide

Folding patterns caused by hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. Formation of alpha helices and beta sheets

Interactions between amino acid side chains causes a 3D structure to begin forming. These can be ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bonds

Multiple polypeptides arrange to create a protein complex

A codominant genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide
missense mutation. It aroused by natural selection

If an individual is heterozygous one allele does not mask the
other, they are both expressed at the same time

The sixth nucleotide in the sequence changes from adenine (A)
to thymine (T), changing the amino acid from glutamate/glutamic acid to valine. This cause the shape of the hemoglobin beta gene to change shape

where the tubules or spindle comes from

Identical copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication

The part where sister chromatids are joined together

Cohesin forms rings that hold the sister chromatids together in prophase

Condensin forms rings that coil the chromosomes into highly
compact forms in prophase

A complex of proteins positioned at the centromere. microtubules attach to the kinetochores to connect to the chromosomes.

They extend from the spindle pole across the equator, almost to the opposite spindle pole

They extend from the spindle pole to the cell membrane

The kinetochore microtubules shorten and draw the chromosomes toward the spindle poles.

The astral microtubules that are anchored to the cell membrane pull the poles further apart and the interpolar microtubules slide past each other, exerting additional pull
on the chromosomes

The cell membrane pinches in at the cell equator. The position of the furrow depends on the position of the astral and
interpolar microtubules during anaphase.

They determine whether an individual is male or female. XY and XX

Egg and sperm join to make this and they develop into an offspring

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange stretches of DNA which makes new allele combinations

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