What does pH measure?
It measures H+ and OH- concentrations
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation defines pH. What is it?
pH=pKa+log(base/acid)
The larger the Ka, the _____ the acid.
Stronger
Acids are a proton ______
Donor
Bases are a proton ______
Acceptor
Strong Acids and Bases ______ dissociate
Completely
Weak Acids and Bases ______ dissociate
Partially
What is a conjugate?
A species that differs by only 1 hydrogen
Is water and Acid or a Base?
It is both. It can accept a proton to become a hydronium ion (H3O+), or it can donate a proton to become an OH-
When pH = pKa, the amounts of Bases and Acids are _____
Equal (=)
When pH < pKa, Bases ____ Acids
Are less than
When pH > pKa, Bases _____ Acids
Are greater than
Strong Acids have ____ Ka and _____ pKa
High, low
Weak Acids have _____ Ka and _____ pKa
Low, High
What is an Equivalence Point?
When enough base was added to completely neutralize the acid and only the conjugate base is left
What is the Half Equivalence Point?
When half of the Acid has been neutralized and turned into its conjugate base
What is a buffering region comprised of?
Mainly acids and a little conjugate base
Monoprotic acids have ___ ionizable H+, Diprotic acids have ____ionizable H+ and Triprotic acids have ____ ionizable H+. How many pKas does each type of acid have?
1, 2, 3, and [1, 2, 3]
Buffers are there to ______
Prevent extreme changes in pH if a small amount of base or acid is added
What are Acid-Base buffers made of?
A combo of weak acid or base and its conjugate.
When there is a buffer, pH changes ______, compared to changing ______ when there is no buffer
gradually, abruptly
Define a buffer capacity and when it is most efficient
It is the ability of a buffer to resist changes in pH measured in mM. It is most efficient at the half equivalence point.
Why are buffers crucial in Biological Systems? Such as in blood.
They keep pH constant at a level where the systems can efficiently operate without problems
What is acidosis?
When the pH of blood plasma reaches below the normal value of 7.4. Such as in cases like severe, uncontrolled diabetes.
What is alkalosis?
When the pH of blood plasma reaches above the normal value of 7.4