Anatomy and physiology Exam 1 Flashcards

Using the anatomical terminology presented in this video, how would you describe the location of a bruise on the front right lower leg?

a) posterior, proximal to hip

b) anterior, proximal to knee

c)anterior, distal to knee

d)posterior, distal to hip

What directional term would be used to indicate sunburn on a patient’s back?

a)distal

b)posterior

c)proximal

d)anterior

level of organization of the human body

Whats the order of the homeostasis

What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs?

a)to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall

b)to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues

c)to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ

d) to provide a protective outer covering for the organ

What is the function of serous fluid?

a)It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air.

b)It aids in the repair of damaged organs.

c)It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios.

d)It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.

Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident?

a)stomach

b)intestines

c)urinary bladder

d)liver

medi-

micro-

hypo-

trans-

phys-

A body section that is cut across the body horizontally is

The study of the cells in gastric pits is an example of

is the study of the nature of the body and how it functions.

The area where the heart is located is the ________ which lies between the two lungs.

Parents bring a toddler to the emergency department after she tripped and fell on the sidewalk. You note a submental laceration. As you evaluate this girl, you are most concerned about trauma to which other anatomic region?

a)Occipital

b)Otic

c)Orbital

d)Oral

You have been asked to teach the principles of CPR to a group of teens training to be lifeguards. You use a diagram of the thoracic cavity to help you explain how chest compressions can maintain circulation. Which view of the chest would best illustrate this point?

a)Sagittal

b)Frontal

c)Transverse

d)Oblique

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched.

a)Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.

b)Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.

c)Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.

d)Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.

Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?

a)the variable, the receptor, and the set point

b)the receptor, the control center, and the effector

c)the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor

d)the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector

The knee is proximal to the thigh.

True

False

A coronal section divides an organ into superior and inferior portions.

True

False

The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions?

a)the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities

b)the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities

c)the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities

d)the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities

Which of the following best defines anatomy?

a) It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.

b)It is the study of tissues.

c)It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

d)It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?

a)gross anatomy

b)systemic anatomy

c)microscopic anatomy

d)developmental anatomy

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology?

a) Anatomy can be described only by the underlying physiology.

b) Anatomy describes the form of the body, which is more concrete than physiology because we can see anatomical structure.

c) Physiology is more concrete than anatomy, because it describes structures that can be seen.

d) Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body.

Brachial

Gluteal

Cephalic

Patellar

Thoracic

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

a) body erect

b)arms at sides

c)palms turned posteriorly

d) thumbs pointed laterally

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body cavity with its contents?

a) The cavity at D contains the urinary bladder.

b) The cavity at C contains the lungs.

c) The cavity at E contains most of the digestive organs.

d) The cavity at D contains the reproductive organs

In which body cavities are the lungs located?

a) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal

b) pleural, ventral, and thoracic

c) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic

d) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral

Choose the following statement that is NOT completely correct regarding serous membranes.

a)Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid.

b) Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.

c) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.

d) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two.

Which of these is NOT part of the dorsal cavity?

a) thoracic cavity

b)spinal cord

c) cranial cavity

d) vertebral cavity

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?

a) liver

b) intestines

c) lungs

d) brain

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) The sternum is posterior to the spine.

b) The heart is dorsal to the sternum.

c) The heart is posterior to the spine.

d) The sternum is dorsal to the spine.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things.

a) Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic.

b) Cells are highly ordered and complex.

c) Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.

d) Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis.

Which life process generates the raw materials and energy needed to sustain all other life processes?

a)responsiveness

b)reproduction

c) metabolism

d) movement

Which of the following regional anatomy terms matches the anatomical description "anterior and most distal?"

a) femoral

b) popliteal

c) crural

d) metatarsal

You are asked to take a person's heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse ________.

a) on the palmar side of the hand

b) on the posterior side of the knee

c) at the posterior side of the wrist

d) in the distal end of the lower leg

In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.

True

False

All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts.

True

False

The pH scale __________.

a) is based on the salinity of a solution

b) is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

c)is linear

d) ranges from 1 to 7

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?

a) acidic solution

b) neutral solution

c)buffered solution

d) alkaline solution

The prefix co-

The prefix an-

The prefix hydr-

The prefix poly-

The prefix ex-

The process of building up large molecules from small components is a(n)

A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation is a

A bond in which valence electrons are shared is called

If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart, it is a(n)

____________ is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.

The husband of a patient who is critically ill asks, "Why do they keep checking my wife's pH? Isn't knowing her oxygen level enough?" What is the best response?

a) "We want to make sure that she isn't running out of buffers to keep her pH just right."

b) "Yes, her oxygen levels are what's most important, but the lab always sends up all those numbers as a set."

c)"Many of her body's systems only work properly when her pH is within a narrow range, so we monitor it carefully."

d) "As long as her oxygen levels are good, her pH really isn't that important."

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?

a) carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium

b) carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium.

c) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium.

d) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Water is an important molecule because it __________.

a) can form hydrogen bonds

b) has a low heat capacity

c) is non-polar

d) is a poor solvent since few things dissolve in it

ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.

True

False

Which particle is indicated by the arrow?

a) atom

b) proton

c) electron

d) neutron

The three atoms shown represent three unique __________.

a) isotopes

b)elements

c) molecules

d) cells

Negatively charged subatomic particle.

Neutral subatomic particle.

Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.

Positively charged subatomic particle.

Subatomic particle having an AMU (Atomic Mass Unit) of zero.

Which of the following is not a compound?

a) water

b)carbon dioxide

c) oxygen gas

d) methane (natural gas)

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) The pH of blood is slightly basic.

b) The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution.

c) When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

d) When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt.

A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

True

False

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

True

False

Which of the following does NOT describe uses for the ATP molecule?

a) mechanical work

b) transport down their concentration gradient

c)chemical work

d) pigment structure

How many phosphates would ADP have attached to it?

a)one

b)threen

c)one

d) two

water is a

saline is a

Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide ) is a

Blood is a

Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?

a) neutrons

b) electrons

c) nucleus

d)protons

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?

a) neutron

b) proton

c) electron

d) molecule

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________.

a) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium

b) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium

c) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

d) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen

What does CH₄ mean?

a) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.

b) This was involved in a redox reaction.

c) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.

d) This is an inorganic molecule.

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?

a) Carbohydrates

b) ATP

c) RNA

d) DNA

An acid with a pH of 6 has ________ hydrogen ions than pure water.

a) 100-fold fewer

b) 100-fold more

c) 10-fold fewer

d) 10-fold more

Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water?

a) The polarity of water allows it to easily dissociate most covalently bound compounds.

b) The polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound.

c) Nonpolar organic molecules such as fats and waxes dissolve well in water.

d) As a polar molecule, water cannot easily dissociate inorganic compounds.

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?

a)carbohydrates

b) water

c) phospholipids

d)cholesterol

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

a) not permeable

b) fully permeable

c) semipermeable

d) impermeable

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?

a) forming the entire glycocalyx

b) acting as receptors

c)forming channels

d) anchoring cells to other structures

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

a) fatty acid tails

b) cholesterol

c) phosphate heads of phospholipids

d) hydrophobic molecules

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

a) movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more

b) exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules

c) movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

d) movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

a) CO₂

b) small lipids

c) O₂

d) Na⁺

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

a) In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

b) In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient.

c) Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane.

d) Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy.

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

a) high temperature

b) higher concentration of molecules

c) small molecule size

d)small concentration gradient

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur?

a) water

b) cellular energy

c) concentration gradient

d) selectively permeable membrane

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?

a) isotonic

b) hypotonic

c) equilibrium

d) hypertonic

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

a) intracellular and extracellular should both be hypertonic

b) intracellular should be hypotonic to extracellular

c) isotonic to each other

d) intracellular should be hypertonic to extracellular

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person’s cells?

a) Extracellular fluids do not impact cell size, because cells contain intracellular fluid

b) The cells will lose water and shrink.

c) The cells will rupture.

d) The cells will swell.

Active process includes ?

Passive Process include ?

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia?

a) They increase the surface area of absorptive cells in the kidneys and intestines.

b) They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans.

c) They are used for cellular adhesion.

d) They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

What is a membrane potential?

a) the types of integral membrane proteins associated with a particular cell membrane

b) cooperation between cells involving membrane interactions

c) a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

d) the possibility of a membrane based cell activity

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?

a) Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

b) Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells.

c) Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells.

d) Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cells.

The prefix cyto- means

The prefix endo- means

The prefix nucle- means

The prefix anti- means

The prefix glyco- means

The prefix auto- means

is the process of bringing substances into a cell.

The process during which a cell eats itself is referred to as

A molecule made primarily of amino acids with carbohydrate side chains would be described as a

Small structures in the nucleus of cells responsible for producing ribosomal subunits are called

The sequence on tRNA that is opposite to the codon on mRNA is the

The structural framework of a cell is the

Two genetic diseases, Hunter and Hurler syndromes, are caused by an inability of cells to break down and recycle mucopolysaccharides, which are substances found in the extracellular areas of the body. Which organelle is responsible for performing this function in normal cells?

a) Endoplasmic reticulum

b) Mitochondria

c) Lysosomes

d) Golgi apparatus

You are explaining the causes of smoker's cough to a client, including altered function of the cilia in the lining of large respiratory passages. Which of these is true?

a) Toxins in cigarette smoke irritate nerves under the cilia, causing a cough.

b) Smoking damages the cilia, rendering them unable to sweep mucus out of the respiratory passages, resulting in coughing.

c) Cigarette smoke causes an overgrowth of cilia, leading to cough.

d) Smoking causes the cilia to produce more mucus, resulting in coughing.

On your first pediatrics rotation you meet a young boy diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder. Which of these would most likely be symptoms of his disorder?

a) Digestive problems

b) All of the choices are correct.

c) Seizures

d) Muscle weakness

Which component of the plasma membrane might allow the body to recognize cells as “self” (its own) or “non-self” (foreign)?

a)Cholesterol

b) Phospholipid

c) Protein

d) Carbohydrate

In this course, you will learn about hormones and their effects on cells. Certain hormones bind to receptors at the plasma membrane to “deliver” their message to the cell. What function of the plasma membrane is this?

a) Cell-to-cell recognition

b) Physical barrier

c) Communication

d) Selectively permeable