The correct sequence of parts of renal tubule is
Proximal tube, loop of henle, distal tube
Select the substance presentbin the blood but not normally present in filtrate or urine
Plasma protein
The movement substances form blood in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule is known as
Tubular secretion
Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the
Proximal tube
Renal pyramids consists primarily of
Collecting ducts
The force enabling filteation is
Blood pressure in the glomerulus
A ----- carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder
Ureter
Reabsorption of all organic nutrients occurs in the
Proximal tube
The volume of filtrate formed in 24 hours (GFR) is about
180 liters
The functional unit of a kidney is the
Nephron
Under usual conditions, the volume of urine formed in a 24- hour period is
1500 ml
The nephrons are located primarily in the kidney
Cortex
Select the process that is not involved in urine formation
Capsule absorption
The detrusor is the -- the urinary bladder
Smooth muscle of
The organ that filters blood plasma and forms urine is
Kidney
The maintenance of the volume and composition of body fluids is the basic function of the
Urinary system
The artiole associated with glomerulus that has the greater diameter is the
Afferent artiole
The reabsorption of water under the influence of ADH occurs in the
Collecting duct
The urethral sphincter under voluntary control is the
External sphincter
The normal pH range of body fluids is
7.35 - 7.45
The renal pelvis empties into a/ane
Ureter
Renin converts
Angiotensinogen to angiotensinn I
Substance that normally do not pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule include
Plasma protein
Select the substance present in the blood and filtrate but normally absent in the urine
Glucose
A renal corpsule consists of
A glomerulus enclosed in a double- walled capsule
What causes the air to flow out of the lungs during expiration?
decreased air pressure in the lung
what is the most basic function of respiration?
to exchange gases
Name the order of the following parts of the human respiratory system from the site where air enters the nostrils to the site where air reaches the end passages of the lungs
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli
What's cyanosis?
bluish cast to the skin
Alvin, a smoker, sees his doctor because he has a persistent cough and its short of breath after very little exertion. He has a barrel chest and explains that it is difficult for him to exhale. What diagnosis will the doctor make?
copd
What is the specific protective function of cilia in the trachea?
ciliated cells move the sheet of contaminated mucus toward the throat
What type of cellular transport moves respiratory gases between the blood and the body's cell?
diffusion
Which is the largest respiratory volume?
VC
Jimmy broke a left rib when he fell from his bike. The rib punctured the chest wall. What happened to his left lung?
his left lung collapsed
Which is the largest respiratory volume?
vc
The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. What is the role of the elastic tissue?
recoil
what happens to the alveoli if surfactant is not produced in a newborn baby?
the alveoli will collapse after every breath
what happens to the alveoli if surfactant is not produced in a newborn baby?
alveolus, bronchiole, bronchus, trachea, larynx, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
Why is nose breathing preferable to mouth breathing?
all of the answers are correct
What chemical factor in blood normally provides the most powerful stimulus to breathe?
CO2
Which brain area is most important for setting the basic respiratory rate and rhythm?
the medulla oblongata
When you inhale, the diaphragm
contracts and moves inferioly
What is the sequential order (mouth to anus) of the digestive organs making up the alimentary canal?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
In which organ of the alimentary canal does protein digestion begin?
stomach
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
vitamin B12 absorption
Which muscular sphincter regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
absorption of water
What type of teeth perform tearing and piercing?
canines
Mary has a dry mouth-very little saliva is being secreted. Digestion of which type of food will be affected (decreased) by this situation?
starch
What organ produces bile?
liver
Which organ is the only one that produces enzymes capable of digesting all groups of food?
pancreas
What is the proper order of the following stages of food processing?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation
Which of the following is the main propulsive activity?
peristalsis
What does it mean when we say that food "went down the wrong tube"?
Food went down the trachea
What are the building blocks (and digestion products) of proteins?
amino acids
Which of the following stimulates gallbladder to contract?
CCK
What is the major source of carbohydrates in our diet?
plants
Why is it important to include cellulose in a healthy diet?
It is important for moving feces and defecation
What are the uses of fats in the body?
Cellular membranes
Synthesis of myelin sheaths
ATP production
What is gluconeogenesis?
Making glucose from fats and Making glucose from proteins
If you had your choice, would you prefer to have high blood levels of
HDLs
Which of the following would you expect to yield a relatively high BMR?
Large surface area relative to body volume
Which of the following is a mean of either maintaining or increasing body temperature?
Vasoconstriction and Shivering
How does vasodilation of skin blood vessels affect body temperature on a hot day?
It decreases body temperature
What dietary changes must be made to prevent brain damage in children with PKU?
A diet low in phenylalanine
What occurs when your total caloric intake exceeds your TMR?
you gain weight
A digestive organ that is not part of the alimentary canal?
liver
The GI tube tissue layer responsible for the actions of segmentation and peristalsis the
Muscularis externa
Which of these organs lies in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?
liver
A 3-year-old girl is rewarded with a hug because she is now completely toilet trained. Which muscle is one that she has learned to control?
External anal sphincter
Hormones that act to decrease the blood glucose level include
insulin
The material that forms the bulk of a tooth is
dentin
What are the two major functions of the testes?
production of sperm and testosterone
What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?
produce sperm
Name the organs of the male duct system, in order, from the scrotum to the body exterior.
Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis?
To make penis firm by allowing it to fill with blood, so that it can serve as a penetrating device during sexual activity.
What is an important function of each of these two components of semen-sperm and seminal fluid?
Sperm are male gametes that fertilize the female's "eggs". Seminal fluid serves as transport medium for sperm and contains various substances that nourish and protect the sperm or aid their movement.
Adolph, a 68-year-old gentleman, has trouble urinating and is given a rectal exam. What is his most probable condition, and what is the purpose of the rectal exam?
His prostate is probably hypertrophied. The prostate is immediately anterior to the rectum and can be examined digitally through the anterior rectal wall.
Which pituitary hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
How does the final product of meiosis differ from the final product of mitosis?
The final product of mitosis is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the mother cell. The final product of meiosis is four cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid). Genetic variation is introduced by meiosis.
How are nonmotile spermatids converted to functional sperm?
Excess cytoplasm is discarded, and what remains is compacted into the head, midpiece, and tail regions. Final maturation processes in the epididymis result in increased motility.
Which pituitary hormone prompts testosterone production?
luteinizing hormone
What is the exocrine product of the ovary?
Female gametes (eggs or ova)
Which organ of the female duct system serves as an "incubator" for fetal development? What is the most common site of fertilization?
The uterus serves as an incubator. The uterine (fallopian) tubes are the most common site of fertilization.
What name is given to an ovarian follicle that is ready to ovulate?
vesicular or Graafian follicle
Besides the one functional gamete (ovum), what other cell types are produced during oogenesis, and what happens to them?
Polar bodies are also produced. They deteriorate and die because they lack sustaining cytoplasm.
Which anterior pituitary hormone promotes follicle development in the ovary?
FSH promotes follicle development.
Which anterior pituitary hormone causes ovulation?
LH stimulates ovulation
Which ovarian hormone promotes the formation of female secondary sex characteristic?
Estrogen
What happens during the proliferative stage of the uterine cycle?
the functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt
What are three important functions of progesterone in women?
Progesterone (1) causes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, (2) helps prepare the breasts for lactation, and (3) helps quiet the uterine muscle to maintain pregnancy.
What problems do mutations of the BRCA genes cause?
A large percentage (80%) of women who carry the altered gene(s) develop breast cancer.
How does cleavage differ from cell divisions occurring after birth?
Cleavage involves successive divisions not separated by growth of the cells, so the cells get smaller with each division.
What are three roles of the placenta?
The placenta produces hormones of pregnancy, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, and removes wastes from the fetal blood.
Explain how pregnancy affects a woman's respiratory and digestive processes.
During pregnancy, many women have heartburn because the uterus crowds the stomach. Constipation is another problem because mobility of the digestive tract decreases. Nasal stuffiness and difficulty breathing are common.
What are the three stages of labor?
dilation, expulsion, placental
Which sex chromosome combination yields a boy XX or XY? What hormone must be produced by an XY fetus during development to stimulate the formation of the male duct system?
XY; testosterone
What is cryptorchidism, and what results if is not rectified?
Cryptorchidism is failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum; if uncorrected, the result is infertility.
What are the major health threats to the adult woman's reproductive system?
Vaginal infections (E. coli, STIs, and fungal infections), which may lead to PID; abnormal or painful menses.
which of the following are accessory sex structure in the male?
seminal vesicles
the approximate area between the anus and the clitoris in the female is the
perineum
Human ova and sperm are similar in that:
they have the same number of chromosomes
after ovulation, the ruptured follicle
becomes corpus luteum
the usual and most desirable presentation for birth is
vertex
During human embryonic development, organogenesis occurs
during the first trimester
the myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus, and the endometrium is the _________ layer.
mucosa