List some risk factors for divorce.
45% of US marriages end in divorce
Risk factors:
Infidelity
Money
Substance use
Poor
problem-solving
Low education
Low SES
so for how education we may not think there is any option for us in terms of cerrear or diffrent life stayle, maybe kind of content maybe kind of conten to stay in the marrage that we are in, we dont see another option, or what was expected of us.with low economic states, SCS- you may not have the option to get a devorce because financhilly it does not make any sens.for example a step mom before she married my dad for a long time her and her kkids lived with her ex-husbent, so even though they were seprated they could not get a devorce , because they could not eforded, they are could not move out of there duplex home, they were not in that romatic partnersship they were in that romate type of thing . so they could not do anything ealse because they could not effore to. so you have to think, what is difecult about the devorce, cort feas , layers , and costety, layers are not cheep.
What happens to social networks and social contact as individuals age?
Social networks get smaller and social
contact decreases in late adulthood
later in that audithood that socioemotional development compomote social networks gets smaller, social contact decreases in late aduilthood. so this is erecson stag of interety vs despare . so how do you becan to think about all the events in your life . do you feel good about how you live when you are facing death , when it comes up and if not, how do you feel about what you could have done, is there alot of regrate there. for eracsions middle aduithood is gentery vs stagnation, so it relate to work proformace, family life, are you secsseding or are you kind of living snacnit or steco
Disengagement Theory
Theory
Older adults withdraw from
society
Society
withdraws
responsibilities (vocational,
social, and
familial) from the
older adult
Criticism
Result
viewed as beneficial
Little support for this
theory!
Activity Theory
Theory
Social barriers/events lead to
less social
interaction
Employment
Widowhood
Same desire to
interact
Just need to provide
opportunities to
participate
Criticism
Merely providing
interaction
opportunities is not sufficient
for
satisfaction
Quality of relationships is key!
Personality
Interests
Roles
Skills
Continuity Theory
Theory
Not about maintaining the
exact same social
activity
level, but the same self
Effort to
maintain
consistency between past
and anticipated
future
Personality
Interests
Roles
Skills
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
theory
Social networks more
selective with age
Deepening of close
relationships
Define brain death versus persistent vegetative state
Definitions differ across history and cultures
Brain death vs.
loss of heartbeat
Brain death is the standard in most
industrialized
countries
Persistent vegetative
state
No cortical activity, but brainstem activity
What defines death in most industrialized nations
brain death is accepted as the definition of death. But for incurable patients who remain in a persistent vegetative state, the brain death standard does not solve the problem of when to halt treatment
Brain death is the standard in most industrialized
countries
What are the three stages in the process of moving from life to death
Agonal phase
Begins after decrease of oxygen saturation below
80% or
systolic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg.
Clinical death & Biological Death
Clinical Death: When
the heart stops pumping blood
Biological Death: cellular damage
from lack of oxygen,
irreversible
Mortality
the state or condition of being subject to
illness, decline,
and death OR the death rate in a population.
How can death with dignity be promoted?
Ways to promote death with dignity
Provide those dying with
humane and
compassionate care
Candor about death’s
certainty
Help people learn about treatment options
and
have personal control
Ways to promote death with dignity
Provide those dying with
humane and
compassionate care
Candor about death’s
certainty
Help people learn about treatment options
and
have personal control
Kübler-Ross Stages of dying
Denial, Anger, Bargaining,
Depression, Acceptance
But not a fixed sequence that applies to all
people
Palliative services.
Paid by insurances, self, any stage of
disease, same time as curative sreatemtn, typically happens in
hospital.
In common
Comfort care, reduce stress, offer
complex symptom relief related to serious illnesis, physical and
psychosical relief
Hospice services
Paid by medicare
Medicaid, insurance, prognosis 6 months of less, excluds curative
treatment, wherever patent calls home
...
Do these stages occur in a fixed order? Do they occur for all people
But not a fixed sequence that applies to all
people
Define appropriate death.
Appropriate death – “the death a person would choose
if given
the opportunity”
What factors influence the likelihood of appropriate death
The concept draws attention to the differing needs
and values of
individuals in the terminal phase of
life and challenges the
assumption that a good death
has the same meaning for all
people.
Influenced by:
Nature of the disease
Personality and coping style
Family member behavior
Health professional behavior
Spirituality, religion, & culture
Define & differentiate grief, bereavement, and mourning
Bereavement
Experience of losing a
loved one by
death
Grief
Intense physical and
psychological
distress
Mourning
Culturally specified
expression
of the
bereaved’s thoughts
and feelings
Mourning
Culturally specified expression of the
bereaved’s
thoughts and feelings
Component of the grief process
Description (including Task(s) that occur through this phase)
Grief as a series of tasks
Avoidance
Emotional
anesthesia that helps the individual
accept the reality of the
loss (Task 1)
Confrontation
Intense and painful grief that helps the
mourner
work through the pain of the loss (Task 2) and
adjust
to a world without the loved one (Task 3)
restoration
Restorative activities like overcoming loneliness
and
reorganizing daily life
As grief subsides, berearved
makes progress on
developing an inner bond with the deceased
and
moving on with life (Task 4)
...
The stages of change model does not assume individuals will pass through all stages in a linear sequence
It is important to note that the stages of change are not linear. You may find yourself moving in and out and between stages at different times. Any movement, however, is a sign of progress and often leaves you better prepared to take on the challenge of change.
Define the dual-process model of coping with loss. (hint: include both loss-oriented and restoration-oriented activities
Dual-process model of coping with loss
More successful
outcomes are associated with
alternating between dealing with
emotional
consequences and attending to restorative life
changes