1) How do the Taylor Glacier bacteria produce their energy?
- A) photosynthesis
- B) heterotrophism
- C) chemoautotrophism
- D) thermophobism
- E) photoautotrophism
c
2) In ecosystems, why is the term cycling used to describe material transfer, whereas the term flow is used for energy exchange?
- A) Materials are repeatedly used, but energy flows through and out of ecosystems.
- B) Both material and energy are recycled and are then transferred to other ecosystems as in a flow.
- C) Materials are cycled into ecosystems from other ecosystems, but energy constantly flows within the ecosystem.
- D) Both material and energy flow in a never-ending stream within an ecosystem.
- E) None of the choices is correct.
A
3) Which statement most accurately describes how matter and energy are used in ecosystems?
- A) Matter flows through ecosystems; energy cycles within ecosystems.
- B) Energy flows through ecosystems; matter cycles within and through ecosystems.
- C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy.
- D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter.
- E) Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not.
B
4) The law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created, yet matter is sometimes gained or lost to an ecosystem. What is the reason for this seeming contradiction?
- A) Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy.
- B) Ecosystems are open systems; therefore, matter can be moved in/out of an ecosystem from/to another ecosystem.
- C) Photosynthetic organisms convert sugars to more complex organic molecules.
- D) Detrivores convert matter to energy.
- E) Heterotrophs convert heat to energy.
B
5) Photosynthetic organisms are unique to most ecosystems because they
- A) synthesize organic compounds they obtain from decaying heterotrophs.
- B) synthesize inorganic compounds from organic compounds.
- C) use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds.
- D) use chemical energy to synthesize organic compounds.
- E) convert light energy into matter.
C
6) A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)
- A) primary consumer.
- B) secondary consumer.
- C) decomposer.
- D) autotroph.
- E) producer.
A
7) To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum,
- A) producers.
- B) producers and decomposers.
- C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers.
- D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.
- E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.
B
8) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?
- A) heterotrophs
- B) herbivores
- C) carnivores
- D) primary consumers
- E) secondary consumers
A
9) Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?
- A) all of the brook trout in a 500-square-hectare river drainage system
- B) the plants, animals, and decomposers that inhabit an alpine meadow
- C) a pond and all of the plant and animal species that live in it
- D) the intricate interactions of the various plant and animal species on a savanna during a drought
- E) all of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rain forest
E
10) If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster?
- A) tropical rain forest
- B) tundra
- C) deep-sea vent community
- D) grassland
- E) desert
C
11) Which of the following is true of detritivores?
- A) They recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers.
- B) They synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers.
- C) They convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers.
- D) They secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into CO2 and H2O.
- E) Some species are autotrophic, whereas others are heterotrophic.
C