Unit 6 Ap Psych Flashcards

Begins with conception and ends at birth. A full-term pregnancy is typically 38 weeks.

The stage of development that occurs from conception until 2 weeks

a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells

Specialized organ, sustains the life of the embryo by transferring oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and after the initial months of gestation, secreting hormones that sustain the pregnancy

the development period from implantation to 8-week pregnancy, which the major organ and structures of the organism develop

the development time period from nine weeks after conception until the birth of the child.

Name for developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Can result from a malfunctioning gene or an environmental stimulus

Any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur.

stress and alcohol

includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy.

are born preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social reponsiveness

Infants have a set of innate unlearned behavior patterns to help the infant to survive

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by the experience

The normal timeline of mental and physical growth and changes that occur as an entity ages

Infant's muscles and nervous system mature, skills emerge

Period of rapid of neural growth

The difficulty or inability that adults have in remembering detailed or episodic memories from early childhood, generally prior to age 3 or 4.

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age including physical, cognitive, and social development

Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time

systematic difference between age groups that are due to cultural changes over time

Study follows that same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

Individuals in cross sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time

developmental psychologist, contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution, to become a successful complete person

infants must learn that adults can be trusted

as toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on their environmental to get resullts.

At the preschool stage children are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world. through social interactions and play

Children begin to compare themseleves to their peers, develop a sense of pride and accomplishment or feelings of inferiority/inadequacy

an adolescent's main task is developing a sense of self

develop and maintain successful relationships with others

Middle aged adults begin contributing to the next generation / society or little connection to others

People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure

Developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers, beginning by about 8 months of age

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as the result of genetics

an evolutionary-based theory that suggests that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments with primary caregivers in early life as a means to increase their likelihood of survival

Theorized that if attachment was important in human survival it may be important in other species.

optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

the process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life

Psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort using infant Rhesus monkeys in 1950s.

Psychologist that found that attachment happens through a complex set of interactions between mother and infants

Designed the strange situation experiments

Behavior When Caregiver Left Baby
-Upset; cries and refuses to be comforted by stranger Behavior When Caregiver Returns
-Makes effort to touch caregiver and returns to playing
Mother Characteristics
-Sensitive, responsive mothers —those who noticed what their babies were doing and responded appropriately

Behavior When Caregiver Left Baby
- Indifferent
Behavior When Caregiver Returns
- Indifferent; may seek contact but then pull away
Mother Characteristics
- Insensitive, unresponsive mothers —mothers who attended to their babies when they felt like doing so but ignored them at other times

Behavior When Caregiver Left Baby
- Very Distressed
Behavior When Caregiver Returns
- Ambivalent and resentful of caregiver
Mother Characteristics
- Mother is engaged on her own nerves, gives attention to the child once her own needs are met

Behavior When Caregiver Left Baby
- Rocking,/Hitting, Crying
Behavior When Caregiver Returns
- They act strangely with the caregiver and do not appear to know how to attach
Mother Characteristics
- Mother with severe depression suffered some type of traumatic loss in life

The characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with

-Attachment style may be the result of temperament
-Easy—cheerful, relaxed, and feeding and sleeping on predictable schedules
- Difficult—irritable, intense, and unpredictable

Restrictive parenting style that emphasizes respect for work and effort. This style or parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.

parenting style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent.

parenting style that is child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline.