What do plant cells lack compared to animal?
Centrosome containing Centrioles
Eukaryotic Cells
Have Nucleus containing DNA, membrane bound organelles( helping cell with compartmentalization), and a membrane made of phospholipids
What is not a cell membrane component
Nucleic Acids
Whats a plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipids
What does an animal cell lack compared to plant cell?
Cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole
what is the role of the plant Cell wall?
Encloses the cell membrane (plasma), gives plant cell their shape and rigid structure, helps protect cell & maintain shape
plant cell
has a cell wall, chloroplasts( catches sunlight and goes through photosynthesis) and has a large vacuole. cell wall is made of cellulose
Animal cell
Have an extracellular matrix ECM, made of intermediate filaments(outside cell), used as stabilizer, attachment site
What are extracellular matrix proteins?
Collagen & fibronectin
Symbiotic evelution
Says mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free living organisms
Role of Chloroplasts
photosynthesis. Using sunlight to make carbohydrates. Is in all plant species
Mitochondria, main role
main role is to make ATP( energy) divided by the process called binary fission.
Whats the site of most ATP production?
The inner membrane
Cell (plasma) Membrane
Separates inside of the cell from outside.
Has several functions including that membrane is selectively permeable meaning, it blocks some molecules and lets out certain molecules, cell adhesion
Cell adhesion
The clinging of one substrate to another
such as water to a plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds
( molecules sticking to other molecules ) NOT WATER
Semi-Autonomous organelles
Mitochondria & chloroplast.
" autonomous " from them not having their own DNA ( single circular chromosome ), their own ribosomes, and can divide on their own (no signals from the nucleus needed).
" Autonomous " from Semi-Autonomous organelles
" autonomous " from them not having their own DNA ( single circular chromosome ), their own ribosomes, and can divide on their own (no signals from the nucleus needed).
" semi " from Semi-Autonomous
From them still having to rely on the nucleus for certain proteins
role of Peroxisome's
they break down certain types of lipids with a by-product from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which gets broken down into (H2O + O2)
product of H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
gets broken down into (H2O + O2)
Role of Vacuole
A fluid filled organelle that stores food & nutrients
it is used as water storage and turgor pressure
Turgor pressure
The force within the cell that pushes the cell membrane into the cell wall
Lysosome
An organelle that contains digestive enzymes, and breaks down biological molecules using hydrolysis.
Also plays role in autophagy, absorbing/recycling old worn out organelles
the "trash can" of cell
role of acid hydrolase
enzyme proteins that break down macromolecules
( mean only work during acidic pH 4.8 conditions)
Endoplasmic reticulum or ER
Network of plasma membrane that form flattened, fuid-fulled Tubules or cisternae
ER encloses a single compartment called ER lumin( highly convoluted space)
Rough ER
Membrane bound. Stubbed with ribosomes and is involved in synthesis/sorting of proteins and lipids. Proteins made get secreted from the cell.
the ER is attached to the nucleus
Smooth ER
Membrane bound. Lacks ribosomes, is involved in detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage, and alcohol deprevation
Nuclear envelope
double-membrane structure that encloses the nucleus
the material within the nucleus are NOT a part of the endomembrane system
Outer membrane of nuclear envelope
is continuous with the ER membrane
Nuclear pores
provide passage ways
Actin ( microfilament )
plays a role in cell migration(movement) and endocytosis
they have dynamic stability. also has a monomer called Globular(g)
regulates amoeboid movement
Globular(g)
actin and filamentous actin which is a polymer
intermediate filaments
mainly structural, gives stability and shape to the cell, s very stable.
Is a major component of hair and nails (keratin)
are used in vesicle trafficing
Flagella
log whip like tails for locomotion in some bacteria
cilia
shorter hair like structures "oars" that beat back and forth covering the entire cell
dynein
moves cargo toward the end of microtubules
cargo- in the vesicle (made of phospholipids)
Kinesin
Moves cargo toward the + end of microtubules
cargo- in the vesicle(made of phospholipids)
Motor proteins
Require energy called ATP to promote movement
microtubules is the "train track" ... this is the train.
they walk vesicles along the cytoskeletal fibers
Microtubules
large long hollow tubes with properties called dynamic stability(being unstable).
they play a role in cargo transport in cells(getting things from one side of cell to the other
they play role in cell movement-flagella&cilia.
composed of Alpha and beta tubulin- polymerize to make microtubulin
they're anchored In he centrosome
Cytoskeleton
made of different proteins giving the cell support, and allows the cell to move playing role in transporting materials
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions by the cell. is split into a series of chemical reactions
Catabolism, anabolism,cytosol
catabolism
break down a molecule into smaller components
breaking reactions for example, hydrolysis
anabolism
synthesis of cellular molecules and microtubules
building reactions for example dehydration
Cytosol
the watery material that fills the eukaryotic cell inside the plasma membrane
central coordinating region for many metabolic activities of eukaryotic cell
hydrolysis
chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water
functions in dissembly of polymers to molymers
dehydration
A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
Organelles
membrane bound
they help eukaryotes with compartmentalization with its own unique structure and function