Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

striated, voluntary, parallel fibers, multinucleated, attached to skeleton

branched fibers, intercalated discs, involuntary

spindle shaped, involuntary, found around hollow organs such as arteries, esophagus, stomach, no striations

contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

to bring in oxygen and remove waste

more muscle breaks then grows due to exercise

tough outer coat of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

several sheathed muscle fibers wrapped in a coarse membrane surrounding the endomysium

a delicate connective sheath around a single muscle fiber

tendons connect two different things (bone to muscle) and ligaments connect two like things (bone to bone / muscle to muscle)

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

the cytoplasm membrane of a muscle cell

for calcium storage

made of thick and thin filaments that interact for muscle contracts

the protein myosin

the protein actin

regulatory proteins that block the contraction the muscle during rest

calcium

the basic unit of striated muscle tissue that extends from one Z line to the next

it brings the z-lines closer together

(light bands) made up of actin filaments are anchored to Z lines

(dark bands) are made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments

in the center of A bands consisting of myosin filaments only

disperse calcium throughout the muscle that is previously stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

the affected structure of dystrophin, if dystrophin is not built properly, then the ladder shape of the muscle will break down

Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to deformed dystrophin

1. action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron

2. voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium enters the axon terminal moving down its electrochemical gradient

3. calcium entry causes ACh (a neurotransmitter) to be released by exocytosis

4. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the sarcolemma

it breaks down ACh and allows muscle to relax, blocking this can help with dementia

an autoimmune condition where the immune system is attacking ACh receptors, so she is unable to contract her muscles, unable to breathe, unable to swallow

calcium pumps runout of ATP --> calcium can't be removed --> continuous contraction

36 ATP and glucose

creatine phosphate

pyruvic acid then reacts to form lactic acid

attachment site of a muscle or tendon to a bone that doesn't move during contraction

attachment site of a muscle or tendon to a moving bone that moves during contraction

prime move, muscle that causes a movement

opposes the muscle that stretches; regulates the muscle contraction

assists the prime mover

auxiliary muscles that steady a movement (immobilizes a bone or muscle's origin)

above

below

underneath

largest

smallest

huge

long

short

large

small

slant muscle fibers

straight muscle fibers

movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones

movement that increases the angle between 2 bones

movement away from the midline of the body

movement toward the midline of the body

upward movement of the foot (take your foot off the gas)

downward movement of the food (mash on the gas)

movement of the foot/ankle causing the sole of the foot to turn inward

movement of the foot/ankle causing the sole of the foot to turn outward

movement causing the palm of the hand to turn down

movement causing the palm of the hand to turn upward

closes the eyelids; causes squinting, winking, and blinking

compresses the cheeks to hold food during chewing, sucking in cheeks and allows to blow a horn

raises mandible and brings it forward. chewing muscle

flexes head and bends it laterally

elevate ribs and enlarge thorax for breathing

expands thorax, compresses contents of abdominal cavity (primary quiet breathing muscle)

allow you to shrug your shoulders, keeps scapula pinned down to the back

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SItS muscles)

flexion of the elbow and shoulder and supinates the forearm

extends the elbow; adducts and extends the shoulder

flexion, external rotation and abduction of the hip; flexion and internal rotation of the knee

gluteus maximus

sartorius

masseter

brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity, integration and control center, interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

the portion of the nervous system outside CNS, consists mainly of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord, spinal nerves to and from spinal cord, cranial nerves to and from brain

impulses coming into the nervous system (arrive)

impulse exiting the nervous system

involuntary nervous system made of sympathetic and parasympathetic

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons, hold the nervous system together

excitable cells that transmit electrical signs, send and receive signals

astrocytes (CNS), microglial cells (CNS), ependymal cells (CNS), oligodendrocytes(CNS), satellite cells (PNS), schwann cells (PNS)

astrocytes

migrate toward injured neurons, can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

find the neurons that are dead or dying and turn them into a cottage cheese like material that protects the brain by being bacteriostatic (prevents the growth of bacteria)

may be ciliated, line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column, form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells, hold together the corriol plexus

make the myelin sheath for the CNS only

surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheath in thicker nerve fibers only

his schwann cells helped to regenerate his sensation but not always correctly

structural units of nervous system, extreme longevity, amitotic (do not go through mitosis), high metabolic rate - requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

dendrites

send signals out

axon hillock

transport along the axon away from cell body

transport along the axon toward cell body

bullet shaped virus and and an example of retrograde

protects and electrically insulates axon, increases speed of nerve impulse transmission, make sure the transition speed moves faster

3 or more processes, most common type; major neuron in CNS

2 processes, rare, only found in eyes and nose

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons

transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS, cell bodies in ganglia in PNS

carry impulses from CNS to effectors

lie between motor and sensory neurons, shuttle signals through CNS pathways, 99% of body's neurons, cause the reflex to pull away from danger (child touching a hot plate)

always open

part of protein changes shape to open/close channel

-70 mV in neurons, membrane termed polarized

ECF

ICF

K+ (potassium)

more potassium diffuses out than sodium diffuses in, establishes resting membrane potential; 3 Na+ pumped out of cell; two K+ pumped in

incoming signals operating over short distances

long-distance signals of axons

decrease in membrane potential (toward zero and above), inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential, increases probability of producing a nerve impulse

an increase in membrane potential (away from zero, more negative than -70), inside of cell more negative than resting membrane potential, this makes it more difficult to fire down the axon

continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons is slower than saltatory (bouncing from nod to nod) conduction in myelinated axons

responsible for proprioception

golgi tendon organ

autoimmune disease affecting primarily young adults, myelin sheaths in CNS destroyed, starts out with blurred vision or loss of bladder control

where the message is delivered

chemical event

calcium

reuptake by astrocytes or axon terminal, degradation by enzymes (primarily by acetylcholine), diffusion away from synaptic cleft

synthesized from acetic and choline by enzyme choline acetyltransferase, degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine, synthesized from amino acid tyrosine

it is an inhibitor that is normally used when we need to inhibit the brain

pain signals

act as natural opiates; reduce pain perception

ATP, Adenosine and they are potent inhibitors in the brain

nitric oxide (NO)

act as same receptors as THC, mostly used to control appetite and suppresses nausea

at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle

in cardiac muscle

programmed cell death

abnormal or premature cell death

rest and digest, postganglionic axons release acetylcholine (cholinergic)

fight or flight, increase heart rate, respiration, and vasoconstriction, postganglionic axons release norepinephrine (adrenergic)

loss of sympathetic innervation to an eye, ptosis, anhidrosis, miosis

horner's syndrome

olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve

sensory nerves of smell, purely sensory (olfactory) function

cranial nerve 1

anosmia due to damage of the olfactory nerve

purely sensory (visual) function

cranial nerve 2

she has a pituitary adenoma which is pressing on the optic chiasma and increasing the pituitary hormones

function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris (parasympathetic), and controlling lens shape, does the motor function for the muscles in the eyes

cranial nerve 3

LR₆SO₄AO₃

lateral rectus controlled by cranial nerve 6, superior oblique are controlled by cranial nerve 4, all other muscles of the eye are controlled by cranial nerve 3

control superior oblique muscle

cranial nerve 4

largest of the cranial nerves, ophthalmic (V1) supraorbital foramen (notch), maxillary (V2) infraorbital foramen, mandibular (V3) mental foramen

cranial nerve 5

control lateral rectus muscle

cranial nerve 6

facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands, sensory function (taste) from anterior two-thirds of tongue

cranial nerve 7

one side of the face is dropping, no wrinkles on affected side, no smile on the affected side, this is not a stroke because it only affects the facial nerves, due to paralysis of facial nerve

hearing receptors and equilibrium receptors

cranial nerve 8

sensory function that deal with taste, deals with tongue and pharynx

cranial nerve 9

only cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region

cranial nerve 10

she has vagal nerve paralysis, the left recurrent nerve is part of the vagus nerve

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, loss of function leads to inability to shrug your shoulders and not turn your head to affected side

cranial nerve 11

swallowing and speech, below the tongue

cranial nerve 12

gustatory cells

cranial nerve 7 and 9 to medulla oblongata

cranial nerve 1

conjunctiva

pink eye, inflammation that connects the eye lid to the scara

lacrimal glands and they keep the eyes moist

empties to nasal cavity

sclera, choroid, and retina

the tunic of the eyeball that is the outermost, thickest, and toughest

the tunic of the eyeball that is very black, keeps light out of the eye except for the pupil

made up completely of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

transparent anterior part of the eyeball

the colorful part of the eye

moves the iris

the pupil gets smaller

black/white vision, dim light

color vision, intense light

cone --> bipolar cell--> ganglion cell--> axon of ganglion

because clots can form in the eyes due to high blood sugar

when there is a blockage in the eye causing the aqueous humor to not be able to escape

abnormal crystallization of the lens, common in diabetes, injury, heredity

cataracts

hearing, balance, cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear)

ear wax

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, retina, ciliary body, iris, vitreous humor, and cranial nerve 2

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

brain, spinal cord is reversed

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), makes the entire CNS float

ependymal cells

central canal of the spinal cord

interventricular foramen

cerebral aqueduct

gyri

sulci

fissures

separated into two hemispheres

separated into cerebrum and cerebellum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

makes us who we are, helps us enjoy basic emotions, may be responsible for addiction

the outer layer of your brain's surface

motor areas, sensory areas, association areas

control voluntary movement

conscious awareness of sensation

integrate diverse information

if you are right handed then the left side of your brain is more developed

voluntary movement

speech production, motor speech area

present in one hemisphere, usually the left

when the broca's area is damaged or broken which leads to the inability to speak

from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

stores memories of sounds

involved in understanding written and spoken language

when the wernicke's area is damaged leading to the inability to understand written and spoken language

provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

gateway to cerebral cortex, sorts, edits, and relays ascending input, everything comes up through the thamalmus before

controls autonomic nervous system and physical response to emotions (limbic system)

melatonin and it helps regulate sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

reflex center that is located in the midbrain and contains two types of colliculi

part of the corpora quadrigemina that deals with visual reflexes

if a patient is feeling dizzy and falling often you can perform a romberg test

when a patient stants in the middle of the room tilts their head back and closes their eyes and the way they fall is the side of the brain with the lesion

help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

it is the cardiovascular center which adjusts force and rate of heart contraction and adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation. it also controls the rate and depth of breathing

allows smooth, coordinated movements

there is a problem on the right side of her cerebellum, when the cerebellum is not working properly it cannot cut out extra information that is not needed

treelike pattern of cerebellar white matter

they are ipsilateral, and this means if there is a problem to the right side of the cerebellum, then the right side will be effects, and vice versa

part of the limbic system that recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response

filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli, inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, and drugs, severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness (coma)

high-amplitude waves of deep sleep; indicate brain damage in awake adult

victims may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking

sensory hallucination that may precede seizure

brief loss of consciousness

reverse learning process where superfluous information purged from brain, declines steadily and may disappear after age 60

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, not breathing for a period when asleep

ACh is necessary for memory formation and retrieval

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

inflammation of meninges

dura mater

contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain

protrude into superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption

watery solution formed from blood plasma

obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage and causing swelling in the brain

separates neurons from some bloodborne substances, helps prevent the neurons from being killed by what goes into the blood

may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death

not getting enough blood to the brain tissues

plaques of beta-amyloid peptide form in brain, neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons kill them, brain shrinks

degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra, signs are moving in a distint way, dragging the feet, or pill rolling trimmer

L1 or L2 vertebra

L3 or L4

anchors spinal cord

8

extend/ends at the thalamus

paresthesia is sensory loss, pins and needles, and paralysis is permanent loss of motor function

paralysis that starts with paresthesia in fingers and toes then paralysis moves inward

radiation, drugs, alcohol, opiates, infection, and smoking