(1) a scientists work usually begins with
an observation
(1) characteristics of life
1) Are made up of basic units called cells
2) Are based on a universal genetic code DNA and RNA
3) Grow, develop, and reproduce
4) Obtain and use materials, energy, and excrete waste
5) maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
6) respond to their external environment as they mature
7) changes over time leading to evolutionary changes
(2) adhesion
attraction to different things
(2) cohesion
attraction to the same things
(2) covalent bond
shared electrons
(2) energy shell
location of electrons on an atom
(2) inorganic molecule
not carbon based
(2) ion
charged atom
(2) ionic bond
transferred elections
(2) isotope
atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons
(2) organic molecule
carbon based
(2) solution
combination of solute and solvent (saltwater)
(2) valence electron
electrons on the outer shell
(2) properties of water
1) Universal solvent
2) less dense as a solid than a liquid
3) polar b/c of uneven sharing of electron
4) adhesion (hydrogen bonds) cohesion and capillary action are related
5) surface tension
6) evaporation
(2) Acid release
H+
(2) bases release
OH-
nucleus of an atom
proton and neutron
atomic number
protons and/or electrons
atomic mass
protons + neutrons
dehydration synthesis
as a bond is formed between two monomers, a molecule of water is lost
hydrolysis
as you add a molecule of water, the bond between two monomers is broken
role of carbs in the body
main source of energy, structure and storage of excess sugar
plasma membrane
cell membrane
nucleolus
where ribosomes are made
ribosome
a non-membrane bound organelle (prokaryote and eukaryote)
creates proteins and is attached to the rough ER
cytoplasm
jelly that fills the inside of a cell
active transport
when molecules move across the membrane from [L]->[H]
protein pump
energy needed
passive transport
when molecules diffuse across the membrane from [H]->[L]
no energy needed
plasmolyze
when plant leaves an animal cell from a hypertonic environment
shrinks
turgid
when water enters a plant cell from a hypotonic environment
won't pop b/c of the cell wall
crenate
when water leaves an animal cell from a hypertonic environment
shrinks
lyse
when water enters an animal cell from a hypotonic environment - will pop
facilitated diffusion
passive transport
has a channel protein ex) aquaporin and H2O
endocytosis
bringing in contents into the cell via veslicles
exocytosis
removing contents of the cell via vesicles
cell membrane
all cells have a cell membrane
selectively permeable and maintains homeostasis
cell wall
a layer that offers protection and shape (ONLY FOR PLANT)
chloroplast
makes glucose from light (photosynthesis)
green b/c pf chlorophyll
cytoskeleton
provides structure and support and is made of fiber
complex
mitochondria
makes ATP with cellular respiration
runs on glucose
needs oxygen to make ATP efficiently
nucleus
holds genetic material (DNA)
contains the nucleolus
controls the cells activity
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
detoxification(liver contains smooth ER)
can make types of lipids
rough endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes attached to it
protein producing and transporting
pinching off vesicle that surrounds ER and pinches off the proteins
Golgi apparatus
ultimate packaging center
receives and distributes molecules
modifies or sorts proteins to be sent outside the cell
lysosome
breaks downs and recycles macromolecules
vacuole
storage of materials (water and minerals)
plant= one large vacuole
animal= many small vacuole
vesicle
membrane bound package that transports molecules in and out of the cell
centrioles
organize cell division
ATP
ADP +P
(TP) stores energy - a phosphate group attached to ADP to produce ATP
(TP)releases energy - by breaking the bond between the second and the third phosphate group
(TP) produced by food
(DP) inactive form of energy
photosynthesis
the process for plants to use sunlight to make food energy
light dependent reaction
makes ATP and NADPH from water and sunlight
in the thylakoids
light independent reaction (calvin cycle)
uses CO2 and ATP + NADPH to make glucose
in the stroma
NADPH
a high energy electron carrier
comes from NATP+ which then holds and accepts two high energy electrons and H+ which makes NADPH
this conversion helps build molecules such as carbs and glucose
Electron transport chain
where excited or charged electrons move through to make NADPH
how is energy released from ATP
the last bond of the phospholipids is broken through hydrolysis
chlorophyll
pigment in plants that absorb light
pigament
chemical compounds that reflect certain waves of light
how do plants gather energy
Chlorophyll is a light absorbing molecule that uses sunlight to excite electrons
electron carrier molecules
NADPH
NADP+
light dependent reaction
in-> ADP , NADP+ , H2O
out-> ATP NADPH O2
light independent reaction
in-> ATP, NADP +, CO2
out->ADP, NADP+, glucose