Lipids
Storage lipids
membrane lipids
Lipids
Quick energy
Storage lipids
Triglycerols
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids/ membrane
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
Lauric acid
12:0
Mystic acid
14:0
Palmitic Acid
16:0
Stearic acid
18:0
Arachidic acid
20:0
Palmitoleic acid
16:1(9)
Oleic acid
18:1(9)
Linoleic acid
18:2(9,12)
a-linolenic
18:3(9,12,15)
arachidonic acid
20:4(5,8,11,14)
double bonds confirmation
Cis configuration
omega
starts from the end
Linoleic acid
Omega-6 fatty acid
linolenic
Omega-3 fatty acid
increase chain length
decrase solubility
increase unsaturation
lower bp
adipocytes are
lipids where triacylglycerols are stored as fat by vertebrates
seeds store..
triacylglycerols for plants
lipase
enzyme that breaks down fat
advantages of using lipids for energy over sugar
- oxidation yields more energy
- Lipids do not carry the weight of water
Disadvantages of using lipids for energy over sugar
- They are insoluble and difficult to be transported
- Carbs/sugar is hydrophilic and highly soluble thus a quick source of energy
partial hydrogenation
add hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids
- increase shelf-life
- change cis-trans
- increase mp
LDL
bad
HDL
good
- H "healthy"
Waxes
- fatty acids with alcohol
- higher melting point
structural lipids
...
amphipathic
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic head
sterols
...
phosphatidic acid
H group
-2
Phosphatidylethabolamine
N+h3
0 charge
Phosphatidylcholine
Choline
0 charge
Phosphatidylserine
serine
-1
phosphatidylglycerol
glycerol
-1
c-1
saturated
C-2
unsaturated
shingolipid
polar head and 2 nonpolar tails
o connected to NH
phosphocholine in sphingoside
is sphingomyelin
sphingolipids
help determine blood types
Cholesterol
does not have a fatty acid
4 fused rings
27 carbons
OH group on C3
cholesterol in plants
stigmasterol
Cholesterol in fungi
ergosterol
sterols produces
steroid hormones
bile acids
Vitamin D to absorb calcium
phosphatidylinositol
regulate cell structure and metabolism
intracellular signals
looks like S/ turtle
PIP 2
Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 biphosphate
Messengers found in cells
ceramide and sphingomyelin function
regulation of protein kinases
intracellular messengers
Eicosanoids
short distance messenger
reproduction
infections
regulation of blood pressure
blood clots
Prostaglandin
cause pain, inflamation
NSAIDs are drugs that fight our our hormones like this one
thromboxane
form blood clotting
Aspirin drug that helps
Leukotrienes LT
contraction of soft muscle like in asthma attacks
vitamin A and D make
hormones
A- Vision, development, cellgrowth
B-carotene
lack of causes congenital malformation, dryness in eyes skin
D- cholecalciferol formed in skin
driven by UV/ sunlight
lack of vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets
Vitamin E
Antioxidants
tolsopherols
helps with aging
lack of causes fragilness, aging faster?
Vitamin K
helps Blood clotting
lack of causes more bleeding due to lack clotting
Phophorylase
breaks a1-4 linkase of endogenous glycogen starch
sugar that we store
liver
a-amylase
Breaks linkage of dietary glycogen starch
sugar that we eat
salivary
breaks on a1-4
Lactose breaks down to what
galactose and gluctose
sucrose breaks down to
glucose and fructose
trehalose breaks down to
2 glucose
manose
...
a-6 debranching enzymes are broken by
debranching enzyme
breaking down glycogen will produce how many atp
3
breaking down glycogen makes how many atp
2
cellulose breaks down
B1-4
Hexokinase vs. fructose kinase
phosphorylates on c6 in small intestine vs.
phosp on c1 in liver
fructose 1 phosphaet aldolase creases
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde (which will need atp later so will use triose kinase)
pentose phosphate reaction function
create nucleic acids and fatty acids??