What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Gas Exchange
- Humidify Air
- Heat Air
- Filter Air
- Vocalization
What parts of the respiratory system are part of the upper tract?
- Nares
- Nasal Cavity
- Choana
- Larynx
- Glottis
- Trachea
- Syrinx
- Extrapulmonary bronchus
What parts of the respiratory system are part of the lower tract?
- Pulmonary Bronchi
- Lungs
- Air Sacs
- Secondary Bronchi
- Parabronchi
What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?
- Filters Air
- Humidifies Air
- Heats Air
What id the function of the lower respiratory tract?
This is the site of gas exchange.
What is the first part of the upper respiratory tract and the location?
Nares (nostrils)
- Located at the base of the beak
What is the function of the Nares?
- First screening of air
- stops large particles from entering
- some can have operculum
What is the second part of the upper respiratory tract and the location?
Nasal Cavity
- Divided by the conchae and the septum
What is the structure of the septum?
Can be bone or cartilage or a combination of both
What is the structure of the conchae?
Has a scroll like structure
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- The conchae and septum deflect air
- covered with epithelial cells
- mucus for filtration
- humidification of air
- Heats air
What is the function of the larynx?
It is lined with mucus cells for filtration.
What is the function of the glottis?
It closes the opening of the larynx.
What is the function and structure of the trachea of a chicken?
- It is the tube for conducting air.
- It has rings of cartilage
What type of cells is the trachea lined with?
ciliated epithelial cells
What is the purpose of the cilia in trachea?
The cells wave to brush particles away from the lungs.
Where is the Trachea located?
Found on the midline then passes to the right.
How many cartilage rings does a chicken have?
120 cartilage rings
Where is the Syrinx located?
It is located where the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi.
What is the structure of the syrinx?
It is made up of ossified cartilage and membranes. Structures vary among species. It is lined with ciliated epithelial cells.
What is the function of the syrinx?
Main function is vocalization but also filters some air.
What is the last part of the upper respiratory tract and the location?
Extrapulmonary Bronchi
- Right before the lungs
- Meets with the pulmonary bronchi
What is the function of the extrapulmonary bronchi?
It serves as a junction between the upper and lower tract of the respiratory system.
What is the first part of the lower respiratory tract and the location?
Pulmonary Bronchi
- The location of the bronchi travels into the lungs as the left and right pulmonary bronchi.
What is the function of the pulmonary bronchi?
Main function if gas exchange.
- heating
- filtering
- humidifying
What are the branches of the pulmonary bronchi?
Divide into secondary bronchi which then divide into parabronchi.
What is the structure and function of the parabronchi?
They are made up of air capillaries.
- Air capillaries are closely entwined with the blood capillaries.
- This is the site of CO2/ oxygen exchange.
Where are the lungs located and what are the made up of?
They are close to the ribs.
Contain bronchi, air capillaries, and etc....
What is structure and location of the Air Sacs?
They are attached to the lungs and are made up of four paired sets.
What are the air sacs in a chicken?
- cervical
- cranial thoracic
- caudal thoracic
- abdominal
- clavicular
What is the one unpaired air sac in a chicken and the location?
The clavicular Air Sac is attached to the anterior part of lung.
Where is the cervical air sac located?
It is located in the neck and has tubular diverticula which invade the vertebrae of the neck.
What is the location of the cranial thoracic air sac?
It is attached to the anterior and cranial aspect of the lung and has no diverticula.
What is the location of the caudal thoracic air sac?
It is attached to lung posterior to cranial thoracic and no diverticula.
What is the location of the abdominal air sac?
Attached to the caudal part of the lung. Has many diverticula that invade the femur in some species.