What is classical conditioning?
learning by association
What is operant conditioning?
learning through reinforcement and punishment
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
natural stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response
What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus?
when you taste lemon powder, it triggers a response of you making a sour face
What is an unconditioned respone?
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
What is an example of an unconditioned response?
when you hear a loud noise, you jump or flinch
What is a conditioned stimulus?
after association, it triggers a conditioned response
what is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
when someone gets bit by a dog, anytime they hear the word dog or see a dog they tense up and get scared
What is a conditioned response?
a learned response to a neutral stimulus
What is an example of a conditioned response?
If you train your dog that he will get fed after you ring a bell, anytime he hears a bell he will run to his food bowl
what is a neutral stimulus?
a stimulus that will explicit no response before conditoning
What is an example of a neutral stimulus?
the sound of a fan without feeling a breeze
what is positive reinforcement?
adding something to increase behavior
what is an example of positive reinforcement?
giving a child candy for doing his chores
what is negative reinforcement?
taking something away to increase frequency of behavior
what is an example of negative reinforcement?
studying for an exam to avoid getting a poor grade
what is positive punishment?
getting something bad to decrease frequency of behavior
what is an example of positive punishment?
spanking a child for doing something wrong
what is negative punishment?
taking away something good to decrease frequency of behavior
what is an example of negative punishment?
taking your child's phone away for receiving a bad grade
what is fixed-ratio?
a type of reinforcement schedule that delivers rewards after a consistent number of responses
what is variable-ratio?
a reinforcement schedule in which behavior is reinforced following an erratic or variable number of replies
what is fixed interval?
a schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time elapses
what is a variable interval?
a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
what are the antisocial effects of observational learning?
an example would be when a kid grows up being abused he tends to abuse people when he gets older
Which schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding?
variable-ratio schedule
which schedule of reinforcement produces more consistent rates of responding?
fixed-ratio schedules
What are the prosocial effects of observational learning?
- learning new behaviors
- strengthening skills
- minimizing negative behaviors
What is recall?
fill in the blank
What is recognition?
multiple choice, easier than recall
what is relearning?
easier to learn information a second time
what is encode?
get the information into our brain
what is storage?
keep the information there
what is retrieval?
get the information back out to use
what is short-term memory?
working memory, 7+2, holds bits of info
what is long-term memory?
relatively permanent and limitless
what is sensory memory?
immediate, brief recording of info
what is iconic memory?
sensory memory of a visual stimulus
what is echoic memory?
sensory memory of an auditory stimulus
what is implicit memories?
(nondeclarative), without conscious recall
what are explicit memories?
(declarative), without conscious recall
what types of memories are in implicit memories?
- space, time, frequency (where you ate last night)
- motor and cognitive skills (riding a bike)
- classical conditioning (reaction to dentist office)
what type of memories are in explicit memories?
- facts and general knowledge (this chapters concept)
- personally experienced events (holidays with family)
where are implicit memories processed in the brain?
cerebellum and basal ganglia
where are explicit memories processed in the brain?
hippocampus and frontal lobes
what is chunking?
taking big information and putting it into little groups
Ex: ROY G BIV
what is a mnemonic device?
memory aids
Ex: mental images, tricks to remember things
what is the spacing effect?
distributed study time yields better long term results
what is the testing effect?
quizzing yourself
what is the serial position effect?
a list
its where you tend to remember only the first things and the last things on the list and not the stuff that was in the middle
what is context-dependent memory?
memorizing something when you are in the same state, or doing the same thing.
Ex: chewing gum while studying, and chewing gum while taking the test
what is mood congruent memory?
when you feel one emotion, you will only remember memories that you felt the same emotions in
Ex: when you are sad you only remember sad memories
what are algorithms?
garuntee a solution
what are heuristics?
short cut, more errors
what are the representativeness heuristics?
judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particulate prototypes
what are the availability heuristics?
judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
what is confirmation bias?
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or disort contradictory evidence
ex: jordynn always being right
what is overconfidence?
the tendency to be more confident than correct
what are belief perspectives?
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which htey were formed has been discredited
how many phonemes are in simple, 3-4 letter words?
ex: cat
c
a
t
has 3 phonemes
what many morphemes are in simple, 3-4 letter words?
ex: cat
cat has one morpheme
cats have two
where is Broca's Area located?
frontal lobe
what are the functions of Broca's Area?
speaking words, motor cortex
where is Wernicke's area located?
temporal lobe
what are the functions of Wernicke's area?
hearing words, auditory cortex