Ostracism
- the deliberate exclusion from group
- highly stressful
and can lead to depression, confused
thinking, and even aggression
Social comparison
people join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their personal beliefs and attitudes
social identity theory
assumes that we don’t just classify other people into such social categories as man, woman, Anglo, elderly, or college student, but we also categorize ourselves
collective self-esteem
Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.
sociometer model
A conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.
social facilitation
the enhancement of an individual’s performance when that person works in the presence of other people
social loafing
people just don’t exert as much effort when working on a collective endeavor, nor do they expend as much cognitive effort trying to solve problems, as they do when working alone
Teamwork
The process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome.
shared mental model
Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive
representations that
members of a group have in common pertaining
to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources.
group cohesion
The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of
strong and mutual
interpersonal bonds among members and
group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to
group goals.
Group polarization
The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more
extreme position, with
the direction of the shift determined by
the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences.
Common knowledge effect
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information
that all members know
(shared information) and less time
examining information that only a few members know (unshared).
Groupthink
A set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of
invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur
when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when
making a decision.