Which of the following adaptations is common to all seed plants?
A)reduced gametophytes
B)pollen
C)heterospory
D)ovules
E)All of the listed responses are correct.
E)All of the listed responses are correct.
Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but NOT true of seedless plants?
A)The sporophyte is large, and the gametophyte is small and independent.
B)The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
C)A film of water is necessary for sperm to come in contact with eggs.
D)The spore is the main means of dispersing the offspring.
E)The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
B)The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
A)is called the gametophyte
B)produces spores
C)produces eggs and sperm
D)is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage
E)develops from a spore
B)produces spores
The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants?
A)They produced separate male and female gametophytes.
B)They were homosporous.
C)They were heterosporous.
D)They were bryophytes.
E)They were gymnosperms
B)They were homosporous.
The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____.
A)ovaries
B)spores
C)fruit
D)gametophytes
E)seeds
E)seeds
The cells within pollen grains are _____ and together comprise the _____.
A)diploid ... sperm nuclei
B)haploid ... spores
C)diploid ... a new sporophyte
D)haploid ... male gametophyte
E)diploid ... spores
D)haploid ... male gametophyte
Which example below is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants?
A)The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.
B)Some gymnosperms do not have reduced gametophytes.
C)Gymnosperms only have one integument.
D)The sperm of gymnosperms do not require water or mobility for fertilization.
E)In gymnosperms, two sperm are discharged into the pollen tube.
A)The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.
Although the sperm of seed plants do not require water or mobility, some gymnosperm sperm still retain the ancient flagellated condition.
Seeds have advantages over spores. Which of the following is the best statement of this?
A)Seeds are single cells, demanding fewer nutrients from the parent plants.
B)Most seeds are poisonous; therefore, they are not consumed by animals and persist in the environment for long periods of time.
C)Seeds can survive for extended periods of time at reduced metabolic rates.
D)Seeds can survive even in conditions that are unfavorable for the parent plants.
E)Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.
E)Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.
A seed contains a multicellular, well-developed young plant, with embryonic root, stem, and one or more leaves. The seed contains an abundant food supply, nourishing the plant from germination to self-sufficiency. It is protected by a resistant seed coat. Both spores and seeds can live for extended periods of time under harsh conditions, germinating when conditions allow.
Which gymnosperm phylum below is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic?
A)Cycadophyta
B)Gnetophyta
C)Anthopyta
D)Ginkgophyta
E)Coniferophyta
A)Cycadophyta
Dietary supplements and decongestants containing ephedrine have recently become more strongly regulated in the United States. Ephedrine is an extract of a plant belonging to which phylum?
A)phylum Cycadophyta
B)phylum Coniferophyta
C)phylum Gnetophyta
D)phylum Ginkgophyta
E)phylum Anthopyta
C)phylum Gnetophyta
What significant change occurred on Earth between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period that most likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms?
A)The climate became drier and warmer.
B)An asteroid hit Earth, leading to mass extinctions that made way for gymnosperms to take over lands where other plants had perished.
C)The breakup of Pangaea changed the flora and fauna of Earth dramatically.
D)Reptiles decreased in diversity and were replaced with amphibians better adapted for seed dispersal.
E)Insects developed flight.
A)The climate became drier and warmer.
What is located in the scalelike structures packed densely in pollen cones?
A)sporangia
B)sporophytes
C)developing pollen tubes
D)megasporocytes
E)developing seedlings
A)sporangia
Each pollen grain of a gymnosperm contains a _____.
A)male gametophyte
B)progymnosperm
C)fertilized ovule
D)microsporocyte
E)megasporocyte
A)male gametophyte
In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo _____ and produce _____ megaspores.
A)meiosis ... haploid
B)meiosis ... diploid
C)mitosis ... haploid
D)mitosis ... diploid
E)Depending on environmental conditions, any of the listed responses may occur.
A)meiosis ... haploid
In a typical conifer, how long does it take for fertilization to occur after pollination?
A)It takes three years.
B)Pollination occurs after fertilization.
C)It takes one year.
D)The processes are simultaneous.
E)It takes one season.
C)It takes one year.
Which types of angiosperms would most likely be wind-pollinated rather than animal-pollinated?
A)maize and wheat
B)oak and maple trees
C)roses and tiger lilies
D)The first and second responses are correct.
E)None of the listed responses is correct. Plants with flowers are not wind-pollinated
D)The first and second responses are correct.
Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy, these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part would be unnecessary for wind-pollinated angiosperms?
A)fruits
B)sepals
C)petals
D)anthers
E)ovaries
C)petals
The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the _____.
A)filament
B)stigma
C)ovary
D)anther
E)style
B)stigma
During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____.
A)anther ... stigma
B)carpel ... stigma
C)stigma ... ovary
D)ovary ... anther
E)anther ... sepal
A)anther ... stigma
A pea pod is formed from _____. A pea inside the pod is formed from _____.
A)an ovule ... a carpel
B)an ovary ... a pollen grain
C)an anther ... an ovule
D)endosperm ... an ovary
E)an ovary ... an ovule
E)an ovary ... an ovule
After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit.
A)ovary ... ovule
B)ovule ... ovary
C)pollen grain ... ovule
D)egg ... ovule
E)egg ... ovary
B)ovule ... ovary
Which of the following best describes the function of fruits?
A)to distract herbivores from eating the leaves
B)protection and dispersal of seeds
C)reward for pollinators
D)food storage for the plant to use over the winter
E)Depending on the plant species, any of the listed responses are possible.
B)protection and dispersal of seeds
A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if _____.
A)its source of pollen is a different species of plant
B)it is pollinated by wind
C)it is pollinated by insects
D)pollen grains are transferred from a different flower on the same plant
E)pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant
D)pollen grains are transferred from a different
The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac. The result of this is the _____.
A)union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and the disintegration of the other sperm nucleus
B)formation of a gametophyte
C)union of the two sperm nuclei, forming a zygote
D)fusion of both sperm nuclei with the egg nucleus and the formation of a triploid zygote
E)union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm
E)union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm
Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms?
A)Only angiosperms have reduced gametophytes.
B)Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
C)Only gymnosperms can contain male and female sporangia on the same plant.
D)Only angiosperm pollen grains form pollen tubes.
E)Double fertilization only occurs in gymnosperms.
B)Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the _____.
A)endosperm
B)fruit
C)seed
D)carpel
E)embryo
A)endosperm
In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the _____.
A)endosperm
B)female gametophyte
C)integuments
D)receptacle
E)ovary wall
C)integuments
The vast majority of angiosperms with two cotyledons formerly classified as _____ are now classified as _____.
A)eudicots ... dicots
B)eudicots ... basal angiosperms
C)monocots ... magnoliids
D)monocots ... dicots
E)dicots ... eudicots
E)dicots ... eudicots
Which of the following characterizes eudicots?
A)two cotyledons, netlike veins, taproot usually present
B)leaves with parallel veins, taproot usually present, vascular bundles arranged in rings
C)one cotyledon, vascular bundles in rings, pollen grains with three openings
D)scattered vascular bundles, netlike veins, floral parts in multiples of five
E)pollen grains with three openings, floral parts in multiples of three, netlike veins
A)two cotyledons, netlike veins, taproot usually present
A bright pink flower with deep floral tubes will most likely be pollinated by which mechanism?
A)birds with long beaks
B)wind
C)bats
D)self-pollination
E)honeybees
A)birds with long beaks
Six major crops-wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes-constitute what percentage of all the calories consumed by humans?
A)80%
B)90%
C)30%
D)50%
E)65%
A)80%
At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in _____ years.
A)200
B)10
C)250
D)1,000
E)50
A)200
Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival?
A)bark
B)xylem
C)phloem
D)sepals
E)cones
B)xylem