Jimmy does a study that reveals that students that sleep full 8 hours
perform well in their
classes. So he says to his friend you
sleep a full 8 hours therefore you must do well in
your classes.
What type of reasoning is this ?
Deductive reasoining
.Fill in the blank. If I were to graph the data of hours slept vs
taking insomnia medicine, the
number of hours each patient
sleeps is the _____ variable and the taking the medicine is the
______ variable.
Dependent and Independent
Which of the following gives the weakest indication of life ?
Prescence of O, C N
Observation
Knowledge or information obtained about the
world via senses or
scientific instruments
natural
Occurring in nature
Hypothesis
a possible explanation for an observation
theory
a hypothesis that has been tested many times and has never been disproven.
True or False. Inductive reasoning is taking a specific instance and
applying it as a general
principle
True
The one factor that a scientist manipulates during an experiment..
independent variable
7. Ben makes five paper helicopters with different wing lengths. He
drops them the
same way from a height of two meters for five
trials each. He records the amount of
time it takes for each
helicopter to fall to the ground. What is the dependent variable?
amount of time it takes the
helicopter to hit the floor
When graphing data in a bar graph (a.k.a. column graph), the
independent variable is
presented on the ________ and the
dependent variable is presented on the___?
x axis; y axis
The smallest basic unit of matter is the
atom
Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons
ION
Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make
covalent bonds
Which of the following solutions has the highest H ion concentration
a solution with a pH of 1
Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during
. chemical reactions
The nucleus of an atom contains
A. protons and neutrons
. What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?
In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an
ionic bond, one
partner captures an electron from the other.
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because
Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules.
solution with a pH of 7 is
neutral
covalent bonds
form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms.
the attraction between two oppositely charged ions e.g Na+
and Cl-
ionic bond
polar covalent bonds
electrons are unequal shared
hydrogen bonds
...
potential enegry
staying place
kinetic energy
movement
Which of the following are not found in the nucleus of an atom?
electrons
The part of the atom containing a positive charge is the?
proton
When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule
is an ion
carbohydrates are?
monosaccarides
provide energy to body
bread and potatoes
Proteins are?
Amino acids
help in metabolism
provide structure
suppot
eggs, and chicken
nucleic acids
neucleotides
make up DNA and RNA
dna and rna
Lipids
fatty acids
stores energy
fats and oils
Which of the following regarding the chemical bases are FALSE
Adenine pairs with Thymine in RNA
what are the three components of a neuclotide?
phosphate
sugar
nitrogen
how many covalent bonds can
Carbon form?
4
dehydration synthesis
takes water out
Hydrolysis
takes water in
What is the name of the covalent bond joining two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic
A ___________ consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
thyglycerol
hydrophilic polar
heads
attracts water
hydrophobic non polar
tails
do not attract water
What is the name of the covalent bond joining two amino acids?
a. Peptide
. What are three things that can cause denaturation in proteins?
increase in temp
ph
organic compounds
In DNA, the sugar is ___________ , in RNA the sugar is ______________.
Deoxyribose, ribose
What is the name of the covalent bond joining two nucleotides?
Phosphodiester
Adenine always pairs with __________ and they have ______ Hydrogen
bonds
between them.
thymine, 2 H bonds
Cytosine always pairs with __________ and they have ______ Hydrogen
bonds
between them.
guanine, 3 H bonds
The two DNA strands are _________ to each other.
Complementary
Antiparallel
DNA simila
DNA lacks a 2 prime OH
DNA ADENINE BINDS TO THYMINE
IN RNA ADENINE BINDS TO URACIL
THEY BOTH HAVE A SUGAR PHOSPHATE GROUP
THEY ARE FORM OF NEUCLOTIDES
HYDROXIL
O-H
O
/ /
--C
\
Carbonate group
carboxyl
O
||
/ \
R OH
amino acid group
H
/
---N
\
H
pHOSPHATE
Methyl
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are classes of
Macromolecules
These molecules are ___________, which means they contain carbon.
Organic
Subunits of these molecules are called _________ and are connected
together by strong__________ bonds.
covalent
The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of primary,
secondary,
tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels.
Protein
You are studying a newly discovered species and want to analyze its
genetic
information. What type of molecule would you analyze?
a) Nucleic Acid
Macromolecules
Function: provides energy
Structure: CH2O
Proteins
helps in metabolism
provide structure
support
Primary, Sec, Tertiary, quaternary
Nucleic acids
storage an expression of genetic information
DNA DOUBLE HELLIX
RNA Single
Lipids
stores energy signaling molecules
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
Which part of an amino acid's basic structure gives it its unique
functional
characteristics?
) R- Group
Select all of the following functions in which you would expect to find Lipids.
b) Energy Storage
c) Steroid Hormones
d) Cell
Membranes
e) Cholesterol
Which part of the nucleotides' structure is responsible for the
incredible variation
that exists amongst all types of organisms?
) Nitrogenous Base
Nucleus
Pro Cells Absent and Euka cells present
membrane
pro cells absent and euka present
cell wall
pro and euka present
ribosome
present in both euka and pro
Cytoskeleton
absent in pro and present in eukaryotic
Explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells using the endosymbiotic theor
The endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria chloroplasts in euka cells
were once a aerobic bacteria ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria
States facts about endosymbiotic theory
membrane double membrane bound
antibiotics suceptibility
division made of repication
ribosome
responsible for protein synthesis without ribosome, translation of mRNA INTO protein causes cellular growth stops
mitochondria
cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule
Golgi aparatus
eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
lysosome if become non fuctional
organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
golgi IF NON FUCNTIONAL
PACKINGING AND TRANSPORT OF PROTEIN WILL NOT TAKE PLACE
VACUOLE IF NON FUNCTIONAL
CELL DEATH thru degradation
organells and nucleus included
smoth ER non functional
the cell will die
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
) lysosome
Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
C) mitochondrion
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
cilia and flagella
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in
producing which of
the following molecules?
C) proteins
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be
exported from the
cell?
A) rough ER
LIst 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane.
provides structural support
barrier
regulate exchange of materials
All prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.
TRUE
. ________ are the “highway” of the cytoskeleton.
MICROTUBULES
O HYDROPHYLIC HEADS
/ \ TAILS
phospholipID BILAYERS
A protein that is being made and processed for export from the cell
follows which correct
sequence:
ER → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane
Adjacent cells can signal others by direct contact, while nearby
cells that are not touching
can communicate by the release of
__________ signals.
PARACRINE
The phospholipid of the plasma membrane
A. Is a lipid
monolayer
B. Exposes hydrophobic heads outside
C. Is
compound of a polar “head” and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains
D.
has cross-connection between them.
E. Is permeable to polar molecules
. Is compound of a polar “head” and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains
42. Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration:
A. Osmosis
B.
phagocytosis
C. Active transport
D. pinocytosis
E. Diffusio
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
thru semipermeable membrane
4. The process of taking in material in bulk to a cell
. Phagocytosis
45. Which of the following is not a part of the sodium-potassium pump?
D. ATP binds to the protein which becomes phosphorylated (ADP is released)
Phosphate facilitates potassium ion binding to transport protein.
A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser
concentration until an equilibrium is
reached
If you were a very thirsty cell, which process would you use to take
in some nutrients
secreted by one of your neighbors?
B. pinocytosis
. A biological molecule that adds phosphates to other molecules is called a(n):
kinase
Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and
negative charges. Such
opposite charges make water molecules
attract each other through bonds called
D. hydrogen bonds.
D. Second messengers
Some enzymatic receptors and most G protein-coupled receptors utilize
other substances to
relay the message within the cytoplasm.
These other substances are small molecules or ions
called
As a scientist you perform an experiment in which you create an
artificial cell with a
selectively permeable membrane through
which only water can pass. You put a 5M solution of
glucose into
to see?
B. Water moves into the cell.
How are metabolic pathways controlled?
. Feedback inhibition.