Human Anatomy and Physiology, Books a la Carte Edition: The Integumentary System Flashcards

The dermis is connective tissue, which is vascular, so its cells would be better nourished than those of the epidermis, which is avasular epithelium.

Since the sole of the foot has thick skin, the layers from most superficial to deepest would be the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinsosum, and stratum basale.

The stratum basale undergoes almost continuous mitosis to replace cells lost by abrasion.

The skin is subjected to a lot of abrasion and physical trauma. The demosomes, which are connecting junctions, help to hold the cells together during such stress. The tight junction helps to reduce water movement through the skin.

Some possible answers to this question are:

1. You would either be unable to grow, or there would be big cracks in the stratum corneum as you grow.

2. The thickness of the skin would impede joint movement so it would be hard to move.

3. You could not be able to lose heat through your skin as effectively as you do now.

4. Your skin would be very heavy to carry around after a while.

The papillary dermis consist of areolar connective tissue, and the reticular dermis consist of dense irregular connective tissue.

Because there is no bleeding, the cut has penetrated into the avascular epidermis only.

Since Stefan's wound runs along a cleavage line, it is likely to heal much more cleanly than it would if it ran perpendicular in the cleavage lines.

The third pigment that contributes to skin color is hemoglobin, the pigment contained in read blood cells found in blood vessels of the dermis.

Jaundice, a yellow cast to the skin due to the deposit of yellow bile pigments in the body tissues, may indicate a liver disorder.

There are no nerves in the hair, so cutting hair is painless.

The lunule of the nail is white because the thick nail matrix that underlies it blocks the rosy color of the dermal blood supply from showing through.

Nails are hard because the keratin they contain is the hard keratin variety.

Sebaceous glands and apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles.

His autonomic nervous system activated his eccrine sweat glands and caused heat-induced sweating in order to cool the body.

Heat-induced sweating occurs all over the body when we are overheated. A cold sweat is emotionally induced sweating that begins on the palms, soles, and armpits and then spreads to other body areas. Both types of sweating are primarily produced by the eccrine sweat glands.

The palms of the hands and soles of the feet are thick skin areas. It would be dangerous to have oily soles, and oily palms would decrease the ability of the hands to hang onto things.

The low pH of the skin secretions (acid mantle) inhibits division of bacteria, and many bacteria are killed by dermcidin in sweat, bactericidal substances in sebum, or natural antibiotics called defensins produced by skin cells. Damaged skin secretes cathelicidins that are effective against a certain strain of strep bacteria.

The epidermal dendritic cells play a role in body immunity

Sunlight causes the skin to produce a precursor of vitamin D from cholesterol. Vitamin D is essential for absorption of calcium from the diet, and calcium is a major component of bone.

The effector in this case is smooth muscle

Basal cell carcinoma develops from the youngest epidermal cells

The ABCD rule helps one to recognize signs of melanoma

First and second degree burns can be healed uneventfully by regeneration of epidermal cells as long as infection does not occur. Third degree burns destroy the entire depth of skin and regeneration is usually not possible. Infection and loss of body fluid and proteins make recovery problematic.

Burns to the face are serious because damage to the respiratory passageways can occur in such burns.

keratinocyte

dendritic cell

keratin

a. the amount of blood

b. pigments

c. oxygenation level of blood

the dermis

b. it is most responsible for the toughness of the skin

c. sensory receptor

can cause a hair to stand up straight

apocrine gland

a. lubricates the surface of the skin and hair

b. consists of cell fragments and fatty substances

c. in excess may cause seborrhea

estimating the extent of a burn

First degree burns damage only the epidermis, second degree burns damage the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis, and third degree burns damage the entire thickness of the skin (the entire epidermis and dermis)

Wrinkling is due to the loss of the elasticity of the skin along with the loss of the subcutaneous tissue, and is hastened by exposure to the sun.

Stratum granulosum, 3-5 cell layers, contains diamond shaped cells with keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules.

No, the follicular growth cycles become so short that many hairs never even emerge from their follicles before shedding.

(a) Porphyria- Certain enzymes needed to form the heme of hemoglobin of blood are lacking. Without the enzymes, metabolic intermediates of the heme pathway called porphyrins build up, spill into the circulation, and eventually cause lesions throughout the body, especially when exposed to sunlight. The fingers, toes, and nose are disfigured, gums degenerate and teeth become prominent.

Several methods are available to estimate the percentage of total body surface area burned. Rule of Nines - The head represents 9%, each arm is 9%, the anterior chest and abdomen are 18%, the posterior chest and back are 18%, each leg is 18%, and the perineum is 1%

ABCD the rule for melanoma recognition.

The two most important problems encountered clinically with a victim of third-degree burns
are a loss of body fluids resulting in dehydration and an electrolyte imbalance, and the risk of
infection. Intact skin effectively blocks not only the diffusion of water and water-soluble
substances out of the body, but acts as a barrier limiting the invasion of various
microorganisms.

Chemical barriers of protection: Melanin provides a chemical pigment shield to prevent UV damage to skin cells.
Body temperature regulation: The body releases sweat (body heat) and as that evaporates off the skin it cools the body.

Each follicle goes through growth cycles. In the regressive phase, the hair matrix cells die and the follicle base and hair bulb shrivel somewhat, dragging the hair papilla upward to abut the region of the follicle that does not regress. The follicle enters a resting phase for one to three months. The cycling part of the follicle regenerates and the matrix proliferates again and forms a new hair to replace the old one that has fallen out or will be pushed out by the new hair.

(a) Accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct, a white head appears. If the material oxidizes and dries, it darkens to form a blackhead.
(b) Shingle-like cell remnants of the stratum corneum (cornified cells).
(c) The arrector pili muscle contracts to force sebum out of the hair follicles on to the skins surface (shiny nose), and the sebum directly on the hair shaft results in greasy hair.
(d) Silvery white scars (striae).
(e) Local accumulations of melanin.

Because the cells in the stratum corneum are dead.

Body- visible attached portion
Root- embedded in the skin
Bed- extends beneath the nail
Matrix- thickened proximal portion of the nail bed
Eponychium- proximal nail fold projects onto the nail body

No, the nail is not likely to grow back because the matrix was lost.

Very serious deep second and full-thickness burns require skin graft surgery for quick healing and minimal scarring. In the case of large burn size, patients will need more than one operation during a hospital stay.

Includes skin, nails, hair, glands (ceruminous = earwax; sebaceous = oil around hair follicles; sudoriferous = sweat glands)

Dermatology

epidermis and dermis

resist trauma; resist dehydration, vitamin D synthesis: protects from UV lights; participates in thermoregulation; involved in sensatoin of touch/temperature/pressure; useful in nonverbal communication.

First state in production of vitamin D₃ called cholecalciferol is synthesized from a derivative of the steroid cholesterol in the skin

Lose excess heat from and keeps from loss of heat when needed to be retained.

Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

lakes blood vessels - avascular

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidem, stratum corneum

contains stem cells which form all cells above them

named for the look in histology preps which is an artifact of preservation

Antigen presenting cells of immune system found in stratum spinosum

This layer is slowly replacing the cell contents with keratin as granules

Only found in thick skin!!!! Lucidem means clear

the top layer of completely dead cells, completely filled with keratin. therefore, waterproof and dead... so can resist abraision

Connective tissue

Contains: pressure sensors, i.e. Messiner's corpulsles and Merkel Discs: Blood vesselsL hair roots (but the hair lies in a follicle which is invagination of the epidermis into the dermis): contains Sudoriferous and sebaceous glandsL contains Erector Pili muscles to goosebumps

Broken collagen in this connective tissue layer cause Striae (stretch marks)

Not part of the integument

is made up of connective tissue

Contains: Adipose tissue (fat) and largest blood vessels

is where you deliver injectables when they are given subcutaneously also termed hypodermal injection

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

Eu means "true"; so its considered true melanin, therefore brownish black colored.

which either contributes a reddish or a yellowish coloration to skin

Hemoglobin

Carotene

gives pink undertones

found in yellow to orange vegatables which make skin orange like

Cyanosis

Erythema

Pallor

Albinism

Jaundice

Hemotomia

due to a low oxygen carriage in the blood

abnormal redness, sunburn, anger, embarassment, exercise, etc.

a pale gray color termed "ashen" which normally means they are just about to pass out

a genetic inability to make pigment to color skin

due to accumulation of unbrokendown hemoglobin because the liver isn't functioning properly

a bruise which is blood outside of the blood vessels wrongfully

what we all call finger prints and these form in the womb before birth due to differences in temperature

flat areas of skin which are intensely pigmented

More correctly termed Nevi ( one is a nevus) these are heaped up piles of pigmented cells of skin which can occur for several reasons including a tumor of skin or viral infection of skin cells

commonly called birth marks, these normally grow larger in children up till past the toddler stage of growth and then they normally start to shrink, therefore most of the time nothing is done about removal unless they block the eye being able to open. occlusion of sight for long periods of time can result in loss of vision so those birthmarks are considered for removal

hair is a pilus, several hair are pili

hair found on infants before time for birth

after birth we have soft hair on our body

normally more pigmented, which is longer and coarser.

grows to certain lengths and stops growing

continues to grow, like the hair on our head or beard hair

part of the hair above the skin surface

the part of the hair below the skin surface

beginning of the root closest to the skins dermis where blood vessels and nerve connect to the hair

Round - straight

Oval - wavey

Just know the whiter crescent moon shape nearest your finger is the "lunule" and the pink nail bed is the "body" and the white tip is the "free edge" and that the nail has a root which is back up under the skin beside the lunula

the most common skin cancer, seldom metastases, due to cell of stratum basale becoming cancerous often has a central depression and is pearly in appearance.

due to cells of stratum spinosum becoming cancerous, often raised and reddened and scaly, can metastasize over a long time

due to melanocytes becoming cancerous. Normally over 7mm wide (width of a No.2 pencil eraser) irregular bordered, and very dark in color. Often metastasizes and most people who find these do not survive but a few years. Like 2-5 years due to metastasis to major organs away from initial tumor before they even know the melanoma is there

chemical, fire, sun

involves only the epidermis and appears red, swollen (edema) and is painful... like a sunburn

involves the epidermis and part of the dermis... also known as a partial thickness burn... involves blistering and very painful, can be many colors, can scar

involves epidermis and all the way through the dermis therefore called "full thickness burn" (which means it burns off the nerve endings therefore they don't feel the pain... which is a sign that the extent of damage is severe) and often cause of accidental death.... often requires skin grafts... if it goes to the bone they may refer to it as a 4th degree burn.