Central Science: Chapter 24 Flashcards

Which substance would be the most soluble in gasoline?
A) water
B) NaNO3
C) HCl
D) hexane
E) NaCl

If each of the following represents an alkane, and a carbon atom is located at each vertex with the proper number of hydrogen atoms also bonded to it, which one is the most reactive?

Which of the following is not currently used as an additive agent in gasoline?
A) toluene
B) ethanol
C) MTBE
D) tetraethyl lead

How many isomers are possible for C4H10?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 10

How many isomers are possible for C5H12?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 10

The structure of 2,3-dimethylheptane is ________.

When petroleum is distilled to separate the components by boiling point, the component with the highest boiling point is called ________.
A) gas
B) gasoline
C) kerosene
D) paraffin
E) asphalt

What type of compound has been used to replace tetraethyl lead (( Pb) as an antiknock agent in gasoline?
A) aromatic compounds
B) olefins
C) fluorochlorocarbons
D) paraffins
E) oxygenated hydrocarbons

How many structural isomers (include all types except optical) can be drawn for C5H10?
A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 10
E) 12

How many isomers of C2H2Br2 are polar?
A) none
B) 2
C) 1
D) 3
E) It is impossible to tell without more information.

Which statement about hydrocarbons is false?
A) The smallest alkane to have structural (constitutional) isomers has 4 carbon atoms.
B) Cyclic alkanes are structural isomers of alkenes.
C) Alkanes are more reactive than alkenes.
D) Alkanes can be produced by hydrogenating alkenes.
E) Alkenes can be polymerized.

Which statement about addition reactions between alkenes and HBr is false?
A) The addition occurs at the double bond.
B) Bromine attacks the alkene carbon atom possessing a partial positive charge.
C) A hydrogen atom attaches to the alkene carbon atom possessing a partial negative charge.
D) The π bond breaks in the course of the reaction.
E) The proposed mechanism involves radicals.

Benzene behaves differently from a hydrocarbon which simply contains three C C bonds in that the latter would be expected to react much more readily with ________.
A) H2
B) Cl2
C) Br2
D) HCl
E) all of the above

Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by a hydroxyl functional group. ________ is the general formula of an alcohol.
A) R—O—R
B) R—CO—R
C) R—CO—OH
D) R—OH
E) R—CO—H

Which one of the following is not an alcohol?
A) acetone
B) glycerol
C) ethanol
D) cholesterol
E) ethylene glycol

The oxidation of ethanol produces ________.
A) acetic acid
B) formic acid
C) citric acid
D) lactic acid
E) oxalic acid

Which one of the following compounds is an isomer of CH3CH2CH2CH2OH?

Which of the following compounds do not contain an sp3 hybridized oxygen atom?
A) ketones
B) alcohols
C) ethers
D) esters
E) water

Of the compounds below, ________ is an isomer of [see image]

Which structure below represents a ketone?

Which structure below represents an amine?

Which structure below represents an aldehyde?

Which structure below represents an ether?

Which structure below is not correctly drawn?

All of the following are achiral except ________ which is a chiral molecule.

How many chiral carbon atoms does the neopentane (2, 2 - dimethylpropane) have?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

How many chiral centers are there in CH3CHClCH2Cl?
A) 1
B) 0
C) 3
D) 2
E) 4

Proteins are biopolymers formed via multiple condensation coupling of which two functional groups?
A) ester and amine
B) amine and carboxylic acid
C) alcohol and carboxylic acid
D) alcohol and amine
E) ester and carboxylic acid

Which amino acid is not chiral?
A) leucine
B) isoleucine
C) glycine
D) alanine
E) threonine

The tertiary structure of proteins is maintained by ________ bonds.
A) hydrogen
B) dipole-dipole
C) ion-dipole
D) covalent
E) all of the above

Which of the following contains a peptide linkage?

Sugars are examples of what type of molecule?
A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) nucleic acids
D) amino acids
E) salts

The principal difference between fructose and glucose is that ________.
A) fructose is a disaccharide and glucose is a monosaccharide
B) fructose is a monosaccharide and glucose is a disaccharide
C) fructose is chiral and glucose is not
D) glucose is chiral and fructose is not
E) fructose is a ketone sugar and glucose is an aldehyde sugar

Which one of the following is a monosaccharide?
A) fructose
B) lactose
C) sucrose
D) maltose
E) none of the above

Consider the following types of compounds:
(i) amino acid
(ii) nitrogen-containing organic base
(iii) phosphoric acid
(iv) five-carbon sugar

From which of the above compounds are the monomers of nucleic acids, called nucleotides, formed?
A) none
B) (i) and (ii)
C) (ii) and (iv)
D) (ii), (iii), and (iv)
E) all

The basic building block of nucleic acids is the ________.
A) nucleoside
B) nucleotide
C) ester linkage
D) nitrogen base
E) phosphoric acid

The double helix of DNA is stabilized mainly by ________.
A) ionic bonds
B) covalent bonds
C) ion-dipole bonds
D) ester bonds
E) hydrogen bonds

Hybridization of the carbon atom indicated by (*) in CH3-*CH2-CH3, *CH2 CH2, and CH3-*C≡CH is ________, ________, and ________, respectively.
A) sp3, sp2, sp
B) sp3, sp, sp2
C) sp, sp2, sp3
D) sp, sp3, sp2
E) sp2, sp3, sp

Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called ________.
A) alkenes
B) alkynes
C) aromatics
D) alkanes
E) ketones

What general class of compounds is also known as olefins?
A) alkenes
B) alkynes
C) aromatics
D) alkanes
E) ketones

The simplest alkyne is ________.
A) ethylene
B) ethane
C) acetylene
D) propyne
E) benzene

The melting and boiling points of hydrocarbons are determined by ________.
A) ion-dipole attraction
B) dipole-dipole attraction
C) London forces
D) hydrogen bonding
E) ionic bonding

Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are called ________.
A) alkanes
B) aromatic hydrocarbons
C) alkynes
D) alkenes
E) olefins

Alkynes always contain a ________.
A) C=C bond
B) C≡C bond
C) C—C bond
D) C=H bond
E) C≡H bond

Alkenes always contain a ________.
A) C=C bond
B) C≡C bond
C) C-C bond
D) C=H bond
E) C≡H bond

The molecular geometry of each carbon atom in an alkane is ________.
A) octahedral
B) square planar
C) trigonal planar
D) tetrahedral
E) trigonal pyramidal

The minimum number of carbons necessary for a hydrocarbon to form a branched structure is ________.
A) 4
B) 6
C) 3
D) 9
E) 12

Cyclohexane has ________ fewer hydrogens than n-hexane.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

How many structural isomers of heptane exist?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 9

The general formula of an alkane is ________.
A) C2nH2n+2
B) CnH2n
C) CnH2n+2
D) CnH2n-2
E) CnHn

Alkanes with ________ to ________ carbons are found in straight-run gasoline.
A) 2, 3
B) 5, 12
C) 1, 5
D) 9, 15
E) 20, 60

Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is ________.
A) less dense than water
B) less viscous than water
C) nonpolar and water is polar
D) volatile and water is not
E) polar and water is nonpolar

Isooctane is assigned an octane number of 100, whereas ________ is assigned an octane number of 0.
A) methane
B) propane
C) benzene
D) heptane
E) nitrous oxide

The octane number of straight-run gasoline is about ________.
A) 0
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 93

Alkenes have the general formula ________.
A) CnH2n
B) CnH2n-2
C) CnH2n+2
D) CnHn
E) C2nHn

The compound below is an ________.

H2C=CH—CH3

A) alkyne
B) alkene
C) alkane
D) aromatic compound
E) olefin

What is the name of the compound below?

A) 2,4-methylbutene
B) 2,5-dimethylpentane
C) 2,4-ethylbutene
D) 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentene
E) 2,4-dimethyl-4-pentene

The name of CH3-CH=C=CH-CH-CH=CH-CH3 is ________.
A) 2, 3, 5 - octatriene
B) 2, 5, 6 - octatriene
C) 2, 3, 6 - octatriene
D) 3, 5, 6 - octatriene
E) 3, 4, 7 - octatriene

________ could be the formula of an alkene.
A) C3H8
B) C3H6
C) C6H6
D) C17H36
E) CH8

In general, ________ are the least reactive hydrocarbons.
A) alkenes
B) alkynes
C) alkanes

The addition of HBr to 2-butene produces ________.
A) 1-bromobutane
B) 2-bromobutane
C) 1,2-dibromobutane
D) 2,3-dibromobutane
E) no reaction

________ contains a series of π bonds on several consecutive carbon atoms.
A) pentane
B) cyclohexane
C) benzene
D) hexane

How many hydroxyl groups are in a glycerol molecule?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

The general formula for an ether is ________.

Ethers can be made by condensation of two ________ molecules by splitting out a molecule of water.
A) alkyne
B) alcohol
C) ketone
D) aldehyde
E) olefin

The general formula of an aldehyde is ________.

The general formula of a carboxylic acid is ________.

The general formula of an ester is ________.

is called a(n) ________.
A) amine
B) amide
C) ketone
D) aldehyde
E) ester

The compound below is a(n) ________.

A) carboxylic acid
B) ketone
C) aldehyde
D) ester
E) amine

The hybridization of the central carbon atom in formaldehyde is ________.
A) sp
B) sp3
C) d2sp3
D) sp2
E) sp4

Optically active molecules that are mirror images of each other are called ________.
A) allotropes
B) geometrical isomers
C) enantiomers
D) cofactors
E) chiral compounds

The secondary structure of a protein is the result of ________ bonding.
A) covalent
B) peptide
C) ionic
D) hydrogen
E) none of the above

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are made of repeating units of ________.
A) lactose
B) glucose
C) fructose
D) sucrose
E) amino acids

How many chiral atoms does the open-chain form of glucose have?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

________ acts as a kind of energy bank in the body, and is found concentrated in muscles and liver.
A) Lactose
B) Starch
C) Cellulose
D) Glycogen
E) Sucrose

What forces hold the strands of DNA together?
A) covalent bonds
B) hydrogen bonding
C) ion-dipole attraction
D) coordinate covalent bonds

Which one of the following could be a straight-chain alkane?
A) C9H20
B) C3H3
C) C4H6
D) C5H4
E) C3H6

Which one of the following could be a non-branched alkene?
A) C6H5
B) C7H9
C) C7H14
D) C2H6
E) C9H20

Which one of the following could be a cycloalkane?
A) C6H5
B) C3H5
C) C2H6
D) C10H22
E) C5H10

Pentane has ________ structural isomers.
A) 3
B) 2
C) 1
D) 4
E) 5

What geometric shape will the structure of cyclohexane appear as when drawn as a line structure?
A) hexagon
B) heptagon
C) octagon
D) triangle
E) square

Gas, isolated from petroleum, has a minimum of ________ carbon atoms.
A) 1
B) 36
C) 20
D) 16
E) 12

The correct name for the molecule CH3CH3 is ________.
A) ethane
B) propane
C) ethyl
D) propyne
E) butaneA

In an addition reaction, H2 is added to 1-propene in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form ________.
A) propanol
B) propyne
C) propane
D) 2-butene
E) propanoic acid

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to produce ________.
A) amides
B) esters
C) aldehydes
D) secondary alcohols
E) amines

What is the general formula for an aldehyde?

All of the following contain a C=O bond except ________.
A) aldahydes
B) carboxylic acids
C) alcohols
D) esters
E) none of the above

The suffix used for organic molecules containing the ketone functional group is ________.
A) -one
B) -oic acid
C) -oate
D) -amide
E) -ene

How many chiral centers are there in CH3CHCHCH2CHBr2?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

________ is a disaccharide.
A) Sucrose
B) Fructose
C) Ribose
D) Cellulose
E) UracilA

________ is a monosaccharide.
A) Fructose
B) Lactose
C) Guanine
D) Glycogen
E) none of the above

________ is a polysaccharide.
A) Cellulose
B) Galactose
C) Ribose
D) Sucrose
E) Uracil

What is the electron group geometry surrounding the carbon atoms in alkanes?

The resistance of gasoline to engine knocking is referred to as its ________.

Why is cyclopropane more reactive than propane?

What is the name of the compound below?

Write the formula for 2-methyl-4-propylnonane.

What is the correct name for the compound, Ch3CH=CHCh2CH=CHCH3?

What is the name of the compound below?

Hydrogenation of an alkene requires high temperatures and a catalyst such as nickel. Why is this?

Predict the product of the catalytic hydrogenation of 6-ethyl-3-decene.

Hydrogenation of what alkyne produces propane?

In the reaction of nitric acid with benzene, which isomer is formed when a second nitro group is substituted?

The addition of an alkyl halide to an aromatic ring compound is called the ________ reaction.

The anaerobic conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol is driven by the presence of ________.

What is the name of the compound CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3?

The formation of aspirin by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid is a(n) ________ reaction.

In the oxidation of ethanol the intermediate formed is ________.

The primary ingredient in vinegar is ________.

The aromas of different fruit are due to the chemical compounds known as ________.

The hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called ________.

Non-superimposable mirror-image isomers of a substance are called ________.

Living organisms must expend energy to counter any increase in ________.

The doubly ionized form of an amino acid is called a(n) ________.

Of the 20 amino acids found in our bodies, ________ of them must be ingested because our bodies cannot synthesize sufficient quantities of them.

Large protein molecules that act as catalysts are called ________.

The most important acidic and basic functional groups in all amino acids are the ________ and the ________ groups, respectively.

The condensation reaction of a carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid results in the formation of a(n) ________.

Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and ________.

The monomers of nucleic acids, called nucleotides, consist of three parts. These are ________.

In DNA, adenine is always paired with ________.

The overall polarity of organic molecules is high.

Cyclobutane is more reactive than butane.

The stability of benzene is a major function of delocalized π bonding.

Aldehydes are less reactive than ketones.

A carbon with three or more attached groups will be chiral.

Racemic mixtures of enantiomers do not rotate the plane of polarized light.

The majority of glucose molecules exist in ring structure.

Humans digest starch but not cellulose because of differences in the type of linkage between the glucose monomers of these substances.

The DNA double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds and London dispersion forces.