Human Anatomy & Physiology: chapters 1, 2,3, and 5 Study guide lecture test 1 Flashcards

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Centriole

Mitochondria

Peroxisome

Vesicle

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Cytoskeleton

Give 3 life functions of the body

6 levels of organization in order

what are the differences between Catabolism and Anabolism?

Endocrine is the same as hormone system?
True or false

How many bones are there in the body?

What is it called when complex substances are broken down into smaller pieces?

When the body needs energy it breaks down what substance into two smaller substances?

what are the four basic types of tissue?

What function of the body is occurring when foodstuff is broken down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream?

choose the answer that gives the six levels of organization largest to smallest?

What does a buffer do?

What is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body?

What is the pH of human blood?

What are the names of four elements that 96% of the body consists of?

What is a catalyst in biology?

An example of extracellular fluid is blood?
true or false

All organic compounds contain nitrogen?
true or false

________ is the universal solvent.

Alkalosis is when a person's blood pH is higher than within the acceptable range.
True or false

Disaccharides contain two simple sugars.
true or false

all these statements regarding ATP are true except (choose one)
A. ATP is a nucleotide.

B. It is the primary molecule responsible for providing energy use by all body cells.

C. ATP contains a phosphorus base, sugar and a phosphate group.

D. ATP contains three phosphate group.

Complementary bases in RNA include A, G, C, and T.
true or false

the three types of RNA are messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), and ribonucleic (rRNA)
true or false

in DNA, what types of bonds hold nucleotides together?

the following statement regarding molecular chaperones are true except (choose one)

A. They help proteins achieve their functional 3-D structure

B. They aid in the folding and Association process of protein.

C. They are closely related to globular proteins.

D. They promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins.

Growth is usually accomplished by ink creasing the number of_________?

When it comes to the five survival needs, appropriate balance is not necessary, too much or too little is fine.
True or false

All but one of the listed is essential to survival needs, which is not in the group?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Water

D. Nutrients

There are twelve structural systems?
True or false

Which body system is a functional system?

A. Immune system
B. Skeleton system
C. Integumentary system
D. Nervous system

the build up of smaller pieces into larger more complex substance is known as?

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is known as metabolism?
true or false

ATP is known as_________ currency in the body?
A. Hormone
B. Krebs cycle
C. Energy
D. Immune

Name three of the eight life functions of the body.

There are five basic types of tissue in the body.
true or false

Fluids outside of the cell are extracellular, and fluids inside a cell are intracellular.
true or false

Standard anatomical position is a body laying down feet together.
true or false

Two types of compounds occur in the human body, organic and inorganic. Organic compounds contain?
A. Water
B. Salt
C. Acid
D. Carbon

The most abundant and import an organic compound in the human body is.
A. Blood
B. Water
C. Salt
D. Oxygen

A person's pH level should be between 7.35 and 7.45.
true or false

match the terms to the definition:

terms definitions

A. Hydrophilic A. Proton acceptor
B. Acid B. body fluids pH
C. Buffer <7.35
D. Alkalosis C. Water loving
E. Hydrophobic D. Helps maintain a
F. Base constant pH
G. Acidosis E. Body fluids pH >
7.45
F. proton donor
G. Water fearing

What are the four most common elements in the human body? In fact, 96% of the body can system of these four elements. remember CHON

Starch and Glycogen are two important _____ ______ in the body. They’re also both used as storage carbohydrates. ________ is the storage carbohydrate in animal tissues, and _______ is the storage carbohydrate in plants.

Important Disaccharides
a. Glucose and Fructose=____________ (Table sugar)
b. Glucose and _______= Maltose (Malt sugar) *
c. Glucose and Galactose = _______ (Milk sugar)

What is the H: O ratio in Carbohydrates?

Is the most efficient and compact form of store energy, fat for insulation?

This are modified triglycerides, these are unique and it is why they form the cell membrane, these are diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group and two fatty acid chains?

It is essential for human like, it is found in cell membranes and is the raw material for vitamin D synthesis, these are flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings?

This is a modified simple sugar (alcohol sugars)?

Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are saturated and are solid at room temperature?

The term best describing a state of internal balance is?

True of False. 1. An example of homeostasis in the body is consuming large amounts of sugar daily over long periods of time and creating type II diabetes.

True or False. . Blood and plasma are intracellular.

Which is the final piece in maintaining homeostatic control?

Negative feedback is _________ ___________ of something

Stimulus-receptor-________-control center-__________-response

Growth is usually accomplished by increasing the number of ________.

T or F When it comes to the five survival needs, appropriate balance is not necessary, too much or too little is fine.

All but one of the listed is essential to survival needs, which is not in the group?
A.) Oxygen
B.) Carbon Dioxide*
C.) Water
D.) Nutrients

T or F There are twelve structural systems.

Which body system is a functional system?

T/F An example of homeostasis in the body is consuming large amounts of sugar daily over long periods of time and creating type II diabetes.

Blood and plasma are intracellular?

Which is the final piece in maintaining homeostatic control? a.effector b.response c.stimuli d. output

Negative feedback is _________ ___________ of something

Stimulus-receptor-________-control center-__________-response

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the integumentary system?
a) Protection
b) Blood Reservoir
c) Excretion
d) Detoxification
e) Sensory information

Which type of sensory receptor is NOT located in the skin?
a. Sound
b. Touch
c. Pressure
d. Free Nerve Endings

Which of the following properties help to maintain hydration of the skin?
a. Keratin
b. Melanocyte
c. Sebum
d. A and B
e. A and C

Which of the following is NOT considered to be part of the integumentary system?
a. Skin
b. Teeth
c. Hair
d. Nails
e. Glands

Which of the following layers are considered part of the SKIN?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Subcutaneous layer
d. All of the above
e. A and B

Which of the following are the correct characteristics for recognizing melanoma?
a. Apex, Border, Color, Direction
b. Asymmetry, Broad, Consistency, Diameter
c. Apex, Broad, Consistency, Direction
d. Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter

Which is the most common type of skin cancer?

Which is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

Which type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes?

Which of the following is NOT considered important in skin care?
a. Proper nutrition
b. Adequate circulation
c. Adequate amounts of sunlight are important
d. Protection from sunlight
e. All are considered important

The RULE of NINES applies to what type of skin condition?

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects wound healing?
a. Nerve Supply
b. Temperature
c. Infection
d. Blood Supply
e. Age

For HAIR, which of the three concentric rings of keratin is responsible for forming a single later of overlapping cells, like shingles on a roof; helps to separate hairs so matting doesn’t occur, and is responsible for split ends.

Which of the following is NOT a function of HAIR?
a. Sensory perception
b. Guarding the scalp against trauma
c. Guarding the scalp against heat loss
d. Guarding the scalp against bacteria
e. Guarding the scalp against sunlight

What is the involuntary muscle responsible for goosebumps?

What is the an extension of the dermis, into the epidermis that allows blood vessels to get closer to the superficial surface and is responsible for preventing slipping when grasping and object?

Which of the following are not specialized apocrine glands?
a. Mammary Glands
b. Ceruminous Glands
c. Sebaceous Glands
d. Eccrine Glands
e. C and D

Which of the following are derivatives of the epidermis?
a) Sudoriferous
b) Sebaceous)
c) Hair and hair follicles
d) Nails
e) All of the above

Which of the following functions help in temperature regulation internally?
a. Constriction (narrow) of blood vessels
b. Dilation (widen) of blood vessels
c. Evaporation of perspiration
d. Changing environment
e. A, B and C

Which of the following is the correct order for Epidermal layers from superficial to deep?
a. Stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum coreum
b. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum gransulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
c. Stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum
d. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Apocrine and Eccrine glands are types of which gland?

This layer of the dermis had areolar connective tissue, had dermal papillae, and is leaves room for defense for the cell to respond to foreign invaders?

Flexure lines are dermal folds near a joint, (visible lines on the palm of the hand) where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures. Which layer of the dermis are flexure lines present in?
a. Papillary Layer
b. Reticular Layer
c. Hypodermis
d. Cleavage Lines
e. Pigmented nevi
Match the

Means “horn”; the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties; rise in the layers and eventually sluff off as dead cells.

Spider shaped epithelial cells; means “black”; forms a pigment that shields and protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation.

Arise from BONE MARROW and migrate to the epidermis; ingest foreign substances and are key activators of the immune system

Present at the epidermal-dermal junction; spiky hemisphere shape; associated with a sensory nerve ending for touch

Main skin pigment, found in hair, eyeball, iris of the eye, tumors. The darker the skin, the more pigments are found in their tissues

Pigment that carries oxygen in RBCs

Related to vitamin A, stores in fatty tissues. Derived from carrots and other orange and yellow vegetables.

Pigment responsible for the yellowing in jaundice, green appearance

Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by sacs filled with keratin.

Several layers of cells containing thick bundles of “spines” made of pre-keratin.

Three to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of keratin granules

Deepest epidermal layer; one layer of active mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers; see occasional melanocytes and epidermal dendritic cells.

A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes; Found only in “thick skin” (palms, soles)

Type of gland that is confined to axillary and anogenital (relating to anus and genitals) areas; sweat contains fatty substances and proteins that lead to odor, but does not regulate temperature

Type of gland that is abundant on palms, soles, and forehead; ducts connect to pores; function in thermoregulation

Sweat gland; coiled glands that vent directly to the skin surface or through hair follicles.

Sac-like gland associated with hair follicles; secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and water proofs the skin

True or False; simple diffusion uses kinetic energy.

True or False; Active transport uses ATP

True or False; Exocytosis is the excretion of substances inside the cell

Which of the following processes require ATP
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Active transport
d. All the above

True or False; Sodium and Chloride are most prominent inside the cell.

True or False? Ions diffuse according to their chemical gradient.

True or False? In vesicular transport, ATP is needed to transport large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across plasma membranes.

Exocytosis secretes large substances ___________ of the cell.

Endocytosis transports large materials _________ of the cell

The Na+ K+ pump pumps

What are the two types of active processes?

Ribosomes our site of protein synthesis. What are the two types?

What is mitochondria?

True or False? Transcytosis is moving substance into, across, and then out of the cell.

Potassium and Calcium are most prominent outside the cell.

When a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells called somatic cells is called?

The divistion of the cytoplasm”cell movement” begins in late anaphase, Microfilaments for the cleavage furrow and separate the cell?

Glycolysis-2ATP, Krebs cycle 32 – 34 ATP, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are pathways Of?

DNA transfers information to RNA is a process called?

The process by which amino acids are assembled into a protein?

True/False: When a cell is preparing to divide, the chromatin threads coil and condense into short, bar-like bodies called chromosomes
A. True

True or False? There are 4 phases of mitosis. They include all of the following EXCEPT (multiple choice):
a. telophase
b. metaphase
c. interphase
d. anaphase
e. prophase

Fill in the blank. Name the three pathways in which glucose is catabolized:

True/False: Transcription is the process by which amino acids are assembled into a protein.

Translation occurs in the _____________, whereas transcription occurs in the ___________.

The cell membrane is permeable to some substances but not to others. What characteristics does this describe?

In passive movement through the plasma membrane, molecules move ________ the concentration gradient.

When constant movement of particles go from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached, it is considered what type of passive process?

T/F A molecule will diffuse through a membrane when the molecule is lipid soluble.

When it comes to simple diffusion, ________ and gasses move freely across the lipid membrane.

True or False. A membrane lipid consists of 20% glycolipids.

The cells are bathes in an extracellular fluid called _____________ that is derived from the blood

What are the 2 movement through the PM and what is the difference between them two?

True or False. Atom is the smallest structural and functional living unit.

Constant movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until they each equilibrium is called?

The diffusion of water through a selectively membrane is called __________

true or false The passage of a solution through a membrane under mechanical force is called diffusion

solution that has a lower concentration than the fluid within the cell is called __________.

An organelle that produces energy for the cell is called a ________________.

If a cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to _________________.

Membrane lipids are composed of:

True or False The term used to describe the cell membrane is the fluid mosaic model.

Unsaturated fat is ________ at room temperature

The job of the plasma membrane is:
a) Enclosing cell contents
b) Separates major body fluids (ICF and ECF)
c) Participates in activities like growth, reproduction, and cellular communication
d) Absorbs materials from extracellular environment
e) All of the above

The Sodium-Potassium Pump is one form of active transport. This system pumps __*__ Na+ ions __*__of the cell and __*__ K+ ions ___*__ the cell with each cycle.

What is the average resting membrane potential of a cell?

What part of the cell is responsible for lipid synthesis?

Peroxisomes are responsible for breaking down; these are considered carcinogens, meaning cancer causing.

What are the phases of Mitosis?
I. Anaphase II. Prophase III. Metaphase IV. Interphase V. Telophase
a. I, III, V
b. I, II, IV
c. I, II, III, V*
d. IV only

True or False? Pinocytosis is “cell drinking”.

Sodium follows its concentration gradient and brings the cell up to ______, the actual resting potential of the cell.

The material that fills a cell – a suspension of nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, and other materials in water.

*True or False? Mitochondria contain their own DNA, and are known as the “power houses” of a cell.

Choose the correct order, from beginning to end, of the 4 phases of mitosis.
A. Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
B. Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase
C. Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase, Metaphase
Choose the correct order, from beginning to end, of the 4 phases of mitosis.
A. Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
B. Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase
C. Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase, Metaphase
D. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What is the correct order for transcription/ translation?
a. DNA unwinds, RNA nucleotide bases will semi-conservatively replicate by matching the RNA bases to the DNA bases. This forms the mRNA copy of DNA.
b. A ribosomal subunit, rRNA, joins the mRNA copy of DNA. A START CODON on the mRNA strand attaches to the start codon of tRNA. The mRNA strand will move along the A,P,E sites of the rRNA subunit andmore tRNA will attach their amino acid to the newly formed polypeptide chain trailing from the mRNA, rRNA complex.
c. The newly formed polypeptide will go to the RoughER for processing and molecular chaperones will fold the protein, giving it the 3-D shape

True or False? Both Transcription and Translation have a an initiation phase, an elongation phase and a termination phase?

The process by which amino acids are assembled into a protein is called?

NaK ATPase moves __________ Na out of the cell and _________ K into the cell on every cycle or turn.

Which ions are higher outside of the cell?

The most accurate term used to describe the plasma membrane is called _____________?

Which of the following types of membrane transport requires ATP?
a. Osmosis
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Active Transport
d. Bulk transport or vesicular transport
e. C and D are both correct

Match the correct percent to the type of membrane lipid.
173. Phospholipids
174. Glycolipids
175. Cholesterol
A. 5%
B. 20%
C. 75%
D. 30%

A protein built into the plasma membrane that will have its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution. This protein type may act as a team with other proteins to induce sequential steps in a metabolic pathway.

A protein that spans the membrane and may provide a channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. Some use ATP as an energy source, like NaK ATPase.

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells that may be hooked together by intercellular junctions. They may act as temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interaction.

A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell that may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone.

Cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix may be anchored to the membrane proteins to help maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins.

Period from cell formation to cell division

Third phase of mitosis. Each half of the “x” chromosome gets pulled toward the opposite poles, now looking “v” shaped.

Means “cell movement”, the division of the cytoplasm

Vigorous growth and metabolism phase

Preparation for cell division

The final phase of mitosis in which identical sets of chromosomes at opposite ends uncoil and resume their thread-like chromatin form; the cell will temporarily have two nuclei

DNA replication occurs

The first phase of mitosis; chromatin condenses and centrtioles attach to the chomosome , starting to line them up at the center of the cell

The second stage of mitosis; chromosomes cluster at the mid-line of the cell at the equator and the chromosomes start separating from on another.