Human Growth and Development
Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through
a)
sensation.
b) perception.
c) facts communicated by
others.
d) direct motor behavior.
d) direct motor behavior.
Who was the Swiss developmental researcher whose theory of
developmental stages
highly influenced a considerable amount of
work on cognitive development?
a) Skinner
b) Watson
c)
Piaget
d) Erikson
c) Piaget
Piaget’s theory of development assumed that all children pass through
a series of
____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to
adolescence. These are __________.
a) 5; sensorimotor,
preoperational, formal operational concrete operational,
and
maturation
b) 4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational
c) 3; preoperational,
concrete operational, and formal operational
d) 6; sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, formal
operational,
assimilation, and accommodation
b) 4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that
guides an individual's perceptions.
A. format
B. schema
C. subset
D. system
B. schema
What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts
and changes with
mental development?
a) assimilation
b)
scheme
c) accommodation
d) skill
b) scheme
Jean Piaget believed that children:
A. actively construct
their own cognitive world.
B. passively react to their environments.
C. absorb their knowledge from the environment.
D. gain their view of the world from their parents.
A. actively construct their own cognitive world.
Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children
understand the world are mental structures called
a)
assimilation.
b) accommodation.
c) schemes.
d) memory.
c) schemes.
Schemes refer to:
A. actions or mental representations
that organize knowledge.
B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C. groups of behaviors.
D. knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.
A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Mark and Amanda just purchased some new toys for their 4-month-old
son, and as
soon as they put them in the baby’s crib, the baby
immediately tried to put the toys in his
mouth, pick up and shake
the toys. Piaget would say that this is an example of
a) a
scheme.
b) assimilation.
c) playing.
d) accommodation
a) a scheme.
Define schemes. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemes?
Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. According to Piaget, as the infant or child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain creates schemes. To explain how children use and adapt their schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping,
and walking are examples of:
A. mental schemes.
B. mental adaptations.
C. behavioral adaptations.
D. behavioral schemes.
D. behavioral schemes.
Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls
all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error
is due to _____.
A. amalgamation
B. accommodation
C. assimilation
D. application
C. assimilation
While being dressed for bed, 7-month-old Darnell picked up new baby’s
comb that
his mother just bought for him. Darnell had never seen
this before and didn’t know how it was used, so he tried to put it in
his mouth. Piaget might say that Darnell was
a) assimilating the
comb into his existing schemes.
b) accommodating the comb into
his existing schemes.
c) adapting the comb into his exiting
schemes.
d) adapting the comb with secondary circular reactions
a) assimilating the comb into his existing schemes.
What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process in which
people understand
an experience in terms of their current stage
of cognitive development and way of
thinking?
a)
scheme
b) assimilation
c) accommodation
d) operational stage
b) assimilation
Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted
upon,
perceived, and understood in accordance with existing
patterns of thought.
a) assimilation
b) scheme
c)
accommodation
d) learning
a) assimilation
Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were
there, Alex’s
mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex
saw many different types of squirrels,
but when he saw a flying
squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and
said,
“A bird.” Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating
an example of
a) scheme.
b) accommodation.
c) object
permanence.
d) assimilation.
d) assimilation.
Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify
the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word "dog" when
she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing
scheme.
A. amalgamated
B. accommodated
C. assimilated
D. applied
C. assimilated
Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food
she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to
introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the
spoon. This is an example of _____.
A. accommodation
B. assimilation
C. amalgamation
D. application
B. assimilation
_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new
information and experiences into account.
A. Adaptation
B. Accommodation
C. Assimilation
D. Application
B. Accommodation
Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles
"car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into
trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new
information into his existing scheme.
A. accommodated
B. assimilated
C. amalgamated
D. applied
A. accommodated
Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of
thinking that
occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or
events.
a) accommodation
b) scheme
c)
preoperational
d) assimilation
a) accommodation
Five-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were
there, Alex’s
mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex
saw many different types of squirrels,
but when he saw a flying
squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and
said,
“A bird with a tail.” Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is
demonstrating an example of
a) scheme.
b)
accommodation.
c) object permanence.
d) assimilation.
b) accommodation.
Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his
environment
provides him with a new experience. This is the
process of
a) accommodation.
b) simple reflexes.
c)
assimilation.
d) secondary circular reactions.
a) accommodation.
Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________
that we have
when we are born.
a) inherited
abilities
b) senses
c) neuron and synapse
development
d) reflexes
d) reflexes
Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short
and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container. When he
poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if
it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra
sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton
continues to try to solve this puzzle, he experiences considerable
movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce
cognitive change.
A. equilibrium; disequilibrium
B. adaptation; organization
C. classification; modification
D. equilibration; categorization
A. equilibrium; disequilibrium
When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand
the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The
mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____.
A. equilibration
B. assimilation
C. organization
D. amalgamation
A. equilibration
What is the term for Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive
development, which
can be broken down into six substages?
a)
concrete operational
b) preoperational
c)
sensorimotor
d) formal operational
c) sensorimotor
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____
substages.
A. two
B. three
C. five
D. six
D. six
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, the first substage is called
a)
first habits and primary circular reactions.
b) schemes.
c)
assimilation.
d) simple reflexes.
d) simple reflexes.
Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget's
sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck anything that
is touched to her lips.
A. simple reflexes
B. first habits
C. secondary circular reactions
D. primary circular reactions
A. simple reflexes
Beth normally breastfeeds her baby; however, during the workday
Beth’s mother
watches her baby, and the baby must be fed with a
bottle. Beth has noticed that her
baby’s approach to being
bottle-fed is somewhat different than when the baby is
being
breast-fed. Piaget would say that this is an example
of
a) scheme.
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the
sensorimotor stage.
c) accommodation.
d) assimilation.
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage.
The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the
first month after birth.
A. first habits and primary
circular reactions
B. simple reflexes
C. secondary circular reactions
D. internalization of schemes
B. simple reflexes
Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is
characterized by coordination of sensation and action through
reflexive behaviors?
A. Conditioned reflexes
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
C. Simple reflexes
D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions
C. Simple reflexes
Piaget’s Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
occurs for infants in
the age range of ____ to _____ months of
age.
a) 1; 6
b) 2; 8
c) 1; 4
d) 4; 8
c) 1; 4
Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of
sensorimotor development is Josh?
A. Simple reflexes
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
C. tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
D. Secondary circular reactions
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does
the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body?
A.
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
C. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
D. Secondary circular reactions
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant’s
repetition of
interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the
infant’s own body.
a) primary circular reactions
b) circular
reactions
c) secondary circular reactions
d) tertiary
circular reactions
a) primary circular reactions
The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to
about:
A. six months of age.
B. eight months of age.
C. one year of age.
D. two years of age.
D. two years of age.
Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps
the baby start
building cognitive schemes is a process
called
a) first habits.
b) assimilation.
c) a circular
reaction.
d) accommodation.
c) a circular reaction.
Piaget’s Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions stage occurs for
infants in the age
range of ____ months.
a) 1–6
b)
1–8
c) 1–4
d) 4–8
d) 4–8
In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start
repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results?
A. First habits and primary circular reactions
B. Simple reflexes
C. Secondary circular reactions
D. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
C. Secondary circular reactions
Baby Jimmy’s parent places a brand new rattle in his crib, and Jimmy
immediately
picks it up and tries to mouth the rattle. When it
shakes, it makes noise. Jimmy
immediately tries shaking the
rattle in different ways to see how the sound changes. He
seems
to enjoy this activity. Piaget would say that this is an example
of
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular
reactions.
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes.
c) Substage 3:
Secondary circular reactions.
d) Substage 4: Coordination of
secondary circular reactions
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more
object-oriented?
A. Simple reflexes
B. First habits and primary circular reactions
C. Secondary circular reactions
D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions
C. Secondary circular reactions
According to the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of
development, which of the following statements about the coordination
of secondary circular reactions is NOT true?
A. It develops
between 8 and 12 months of age.
B. The infant must be able to coordinate vision and touch, hand and eye.
C. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age.
D. It is marked by intentionality.
C. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age.
Piaget’s Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions
occurs for infants in the age range of _____ months.
a) 6 to
8
b) 8 to 12
c) 4 to 8
d) 5 to 8
b) 8 to 12
Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it,
throwing it, using it to knock over other toys, standing on it, and
trying to ride on it. Which of Jean Piaget's substages of the
sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior?
A.
Primary circular reactions
B. Secondary circular reactions
C. Coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. Tertiary circular reactions
D. Tertiary circular reactions
Piaget’s Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for
infants in the age
range of _______ months of age.
a)
12–18
b) 8–12
c) 6–8
d) 12–14
a) 12–18
What is the term in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage where an infant
develops schemes
that include deliberate variations of actions
that bring about desirable consequences?
a) Substage 2: First
habits and primary circular reactions
b) Substage 5: Tertiary
circular reactions
c) Substage 4: Coordination of circular
reactions
d) Substage 3: Secondary circular reaction
b) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
“Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly,
varying the
position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully
observing each time to see where it
fell.” This is an example
of
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular
reactions.
b) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
c)
Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions.
d) Substage 5:
Tertiary circular reactions.
d) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions.
Piaget’s Substage 6: Beginnings of thought stage occurs for children
in the age
range of _____ months.
a) 12–18
b)
18–24
c) 8–14
d) 12–14
b) 18–24
According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage
6?
a) children understand that a person or object continues to
exist even if it cannot be seen
b) children are able to show
purposeful acts with deliberate variety
c) children employ
goal-directed behavior
d) children exhibit the capacity for
mental representation or symbolic thought
a) children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen
Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of
cognitive
development called the ___________ stage.
a)
preschool years; operational
b) preschool years;
preoperational
c) school years; concrete
d) school years; operational
b) preschool years; preoperational
Piaget believed that children from _______ years of age fall into the
_________
stage.
a) 5 to 7; preoperational
b) 2 to 7;
concrete operational
c) 5 to 7; concrete operational
d) 2 to
7; preoperational
d) 2 to 7; preoperational
According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational
stage?
a) symbolic function
b) organized, formal, logical
mental processes
c) increased memory for objects
d)
increased fine motor skill development
a) symbolic function
Which of the following is the best description of Piaget’s “symbolic
function”?
a) a child is able to understand that symbols on a
page (letters or numbers) mean something
b) a child is able to
use a mental symbol, a word, or object to stand for or represent
something that is not physically present
c) a child is able to
use organized, formal, logical mental processes
d) a child is
able to use his/her imagination
b) a child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present
Concrete operational thought involves applying _____ to solve
problems.
a) intuitive reasoning
b) intuition or
hunches
c) logical operations
d) acquired knowledge
c) logical operations
Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of
development around ____ years of age.
a) 8
b) 12
c)
10
d) 16
b) 12
According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to
think
abstractly is called the
a) concrete operational
stage.
b) preoperational stage.
c) formal operational
stage.
d) theory of mind stage.
c) formal operational stage.
Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4, which enables
the infant to
realize that people and objects exist even when
they cannot be seen.
a) accommodation
b) object
permanence
c) assimilation
d) goal-directed behavior
b) object permanence
Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not
cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he
cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?
a)
primary circular reactions
b) reflexes
c) secondary circular
reactions
d) object permanence
d) object permanence
What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist
even when they cannot be seen?
a) magic
b) illusion
c)
imagination
d) object permanence
d) object permanence
The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when
they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:
A.
object containment.
B. object permanence.
C. object availability.
D. object continuance
B. object permanence.
Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from
her, and she searches for it. This shows that Heather has developed a
sense of _____.
A. symbolic manipulation
B. infinite generativity
C. telegraphic thinking
D. object permanence
D. object permanence
According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage
6?
a) children understand that a person or object continues to
exist even if it cannot be seen
b) children are able to show
purposeful acts with deliberate variety
c) children employ
goal-directed behavior
d) children exhibit the capacity for
mental representation or symbolic though
d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic though
Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is
called
a) conservation.
b) centration.
c) intuitive
thought.
d) egocentric thought.
d) egocentric thought.
On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from
his mother and
finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a
toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother
with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Billy is
demonstrating
a) centration.
b) egocentric thought.
c)
conservation.
d) intuitive thought.
b) egocentric thought.
3-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others,
and ignores his mother’s instructions to come to the table and eat
with his family. In this example, Randy
is demonstrating
a)
childhood schizophrenia.
b) conservation of thought.
c)
intuitive thought.
d) egocentric thought.
d) egocentric thought.
3-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others,
and ignores his
mother’s instructions to come to the table and
eat with his family. In this example, Randy
is
demonstrating
a) childhood schizophrenia.
b) conservation of
thought.
c) intuitive thought.
d) egocentric thought.
d) egocentric thought.
What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited
aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?
a) symbolic
functioning
b) language acquisition
c) centration
d)
concrete operations
c) centration
Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to
count. Sheplaces 10 buttons in one row with very little space between
the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the
buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then
Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons.
Inevitably,
Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows
that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of?
a) symbolic
functioning
b) concrete operations
c) preoperational
functioning
d) centration
d) centration
At what age does Centration occurs?
a) 1,3
b) 3,4
c) 6,7
d) 2, 3
b) 3,4
What is the term that means the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects?
a) concrete operations
b) conservation
c)
centration
d) preoperational operations
b) conservation
The knowledge that develops in the preschool years that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called ____________.
a) object permanence
b) conservation
c) intuitive
thought
d) centration
b) conservation
What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?
a) transformation
b) conservation
c)
centration
d) concrete operations
a) transformation
If a 4 ½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position, with no other pictures in between to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be demonstrating a lack of
a) egocentric thought.
b) intuitive thought.
c)
conservation.
d) transformation.
d) transformation.
According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?
a) children understand that a person or object continues to
exist even if it cannot be seen
b) children are able to show
purposeful acts with deliberate variety
c) children employ
goal-directed behavior
d) children exhibit the capacity for
mental representation or symbolic thought
d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought
Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a(n)
a) mental representation.
b) memory.
c)
scheme.
d) pretending.
a) mental representation.
Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of a(n)
a) mental manipulation.
b) attention.
c) mental
representation.
d) scheme.
c) mental representation.
Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership of children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, and the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society—that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?
a) Piaget
b) Vygotsky
c) Watson
d) Skinner
b) Vygotsky
Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?
a) Skinner
b) Piaget
c) Watson
d) Vygotsky
d) Vygotsky
Briefly describe criticism of Vygotsky’s theories.
Answer: Critics point to the lack of precision in his conceptualization of cognitive growth, such as the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s theories do not lend themselves to experimental tests. Vygotsky did not provide information regarding how basic cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, unfold in children, and he did not focus on how individual bits of information are processed and synthesized.
The main differences between Piagets theory and Vygotsky.
1. Piaget insisted that learning happens after development while Vygotsky pointed out that learning takes place before development can occur.
2. Piaget did not believe in the significance of inputs that can be acquired from the environment but Vygotsky was confident that kids do acknowledge the inputs from their environment.
3. Piaget’s cognitive development theory has four evident phases. Vygotsky assumed that there are no set of stages at all but only 3 components.
4.Vygotsky believed that development can’t be detached from social context unlike Piaget.
5.Vygotsky claimed that language plays an important role in cognitive development. Piaget only viewed language as a plain milestone in development.
The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to
a)
Skinner.
b) Bandura.
c) Vygotsky.
d) Bronfenbrenner.
c) Vygotsky.
Who proposed the sociocultural theory and was one of the first to
recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the
varied influences that shape
development?
a) Rogers
b)
Bandura
c) Vygotsky
d) Bronfenbrenner
c) Vygotsky
The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to what
developmentalist and
theory?
a) Vygotsky;
sociocultural
b) Freud; psychoanalytic
c) Skinner;
behavioral
d) Rogers; humanistic
a) Vygotsky; sociocultural
Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?
Answer: The reason is the growing acknowledgment of
the importance of cultural factors in development. Children do not
develop in a cultural vacuum, and their attention is
directed by
society to certain areas that affect what particular skills they develop.
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development
proceeds as a
result of ____________ between members of a
culture.
a) behavior modifications
b) operant
conditioning
c) social interactions
d) classical conditioning
c) social interactions
Which perspective contains the two major theories of
Bronfenbrenner’s
bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s
sociocultural theory?
a) cognitive
b) humanistic
c)
behavioral
d) contextual
d) contextual
Vygotsky believed that that actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.) are called
a) memory aids.
b) definition aids.
c) cultural
tools.
d) learning aids.
c) cultural tools.
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to
themselves,
this is called
a) egocentric speech.
b)
syntax.
c) fast mapping.
d) private speech.
d) private speech.
True or False
Private speech is the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.
False
According to the three-system model, the ______________ is the
initial process by which
information is very briefly held before
further processing.
a) working memory
b) short-term
memory
c) sensory store
d) photographic memory
c) sensory store
According to the three-system model, it is in the ______________ that
thoughtful,
deliberate information processing first takes
place.
a) sensory store
b) short-term memory
c) memory
span
d) long-term memory
b) short-term memory
When information in memory is held for 15 to 25 seconds, it is
called
a) short-term memory.
b) sequential memory.
c)
sensory storage.
d) long-term memory.
a) short-term memory.
Mary looks at the phone number of her favorite pizza restaurant for a
few seconds, and then walks into the other room to call to order. Mary
remembers the phone number in its correct sequence. Mary is taking
advantage of __________ memory.
a) short-term
b)
sequential
c) sensory
d) long-term
a) short-term
When a middle school student is able to demonstrate that he/she is
able to hear a
string of digits (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and then
repeat the string in reverse order several seconds
later, the
child is indicating that he/she is developing
a) long-term memory
skills.
b) working memory.
c) rehearsal strategies.
d) recall.
b) working memory.
_____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____
develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.
A. Long-term memory; short-term memory
B. Short-term memory; long-term memory
C. Knowledge; expertise
D. Expertise; knowledge
B. Short-term memory; long-term memory
Compared with other approaches, the information processing approach
pays more
attention to ______________.
a) social and
cultural factors in development
b) drawing a comprehensive
picture of child development
c) the workings of memory,
attention, and other mental activities
d) interior human
processes, such as hopes and aspirations
c) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities
When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively
permanent
basis, it is called __________ memory.
a)
short-term
b) sequential
c) sensory
d) long-term
d) long-term
Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience
that occurred
prior to
a) six months of age.
b) 12
months of age.
c) 3 years of age.
d) 2 years of age.
c) 3 years of age.
What are the following brain regions associated with?
Medial Temporal Lobe
Long term memory , hearing
What are the following brain regions associated with?
Hippocampus
Memory (long and short term) , emotions
A key brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is the
This is the correct answer.
A) hippocampus
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala
A) hippocampus
What are the following brain regions associated with?
Prefrontal Cortex
Think, evaluate, make judgement
Your memory of Civil War history is an example of what type of
memory?
A) working memory
B) episodic memory
C)
semantic memory
D) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously?Example :How
to walk
A) explicit memory
B) implicit
memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory
B) implicit memory
Your ability to use the mouse on computer is an example of what type
of memory?Example :Talking
A) episodic
memory
B) explicit memory
C) priming
D) procedural memory
D) procedural memory
Which type of memory requires conscious thought? Example:
naming animals that live in the rain
forest.
A) explicit memory
B) implicit
memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory
A) explicit memory
Which type of memory call facts or events that can be consciously
recall? Example: Name you pet growing up.
A)
explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) declarative
memory
D) episodic memory
C) declarative memory
Which type of memory call facts or events that can be consciously
recall? Example: Name you pet growing up.
A)
explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) declarative
memory
D) episodic memory
C) declarative memory
Conditioning
a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus
b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events
c) the maintenance of material saved in memory
d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
a) behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus
Storage
a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus
b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events
c) the maintenance of material saved in memory
d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
c) the maintenance of material saved in memory
Encoding
a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus
b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events
c) the maintenance of material saved in memory
d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events
Retrieval
a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus
b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events
c) the maintenance of material saved in memory
d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
processing speed
a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases
greatly
b) another source of learning and memory
c)
repeating info over and over to aid in memory
a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases greatly
mental strategies
a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases
greatly
b) another source of learning and memory
c)
repeating info over and over to aid in memory
b) another source of learning and memory
Rehearsal
a) the speed at which children execute basic processes
increases greatly
b)mental strategies - another source of
learning and memory
c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory
c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory
selective attention
a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal
b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve
c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development
d) grab and explore objects
a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal
velcro experience
a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal
b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve
c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development
d) grab and explore objects
d) grab and explore objects
dynamic systems theory
a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal
b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve
c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development
d) grab and explore objects
c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development
Planning
a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal
b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve
c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development
d) grab and explore objects
b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve
Self-organization
a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously
changing environment
b) the components and their organization
change from moment to moment and situation to situation
c)
thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that
increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and
making decisions appropriately and successfully
d) understanding
about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves
during middle childhood
a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environment
Metamemory
a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously
changing environment
b) the components and their organization
change from moment to moment and situation to situation
c)
thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that
increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and
making decisions appropriately and successfully
d) understanding
about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves
during middle childhood
d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood
critical thinking
a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a
continuously changing environment
b) the components and their
organization change from moment to moment and situation to
situation
c) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and
strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming
inferences, and making decisions appropriately and
successfully
d) understanding about the processes that underlie
memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood
c) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully
soft assembly
a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a
continuously changing environment
b) the components and their
organization change from moment to moment and situation to
situation
c) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and
strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming
inferences, and making decisions appropriately and
successfully
d) understanding about the processes that underlie
memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood
b) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situation
Mnemonics -
formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered
Scripts -
general representation in memory of a sequence or series of events
The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the
basis for
communication, is called
a) sign language.
b)
talking or speaking.
c) language.
d) expressiveness.
c) language
What is the term for the smallest language unit that has
meaning?
a) morpheme
b) phonology
c) letter
d) symbol
a) morpheme
Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words
clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing “j,” “v,” “th,” and “zh”
sounds, which are examples of
a) metalinguistics.
b)
phonemes.
c) word blends.
d) enunciation.
b) phonemes.
What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined
to produce
words and sentences?
a) symbols
b)
letters
c) alphabet
d) phonemes
d) phonemes
The sound system of a language is referred to as:
A) phonology.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) syntax.
A) phonology
Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language?
A) phonology
B) pragmatics
C) semantics
D) syntax
A) phonology
__________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and
sentences.
a) Semantics
b) Extensions
c)
Phonetics
d) Morphemes
a) Semantics
Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?
A) phonology
B) pragmatics
C) semantics
D) syntax
C) semantics
When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that
indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this
is called understanding
a) metalinguistic skills.
b)
metacognition.
c) syntax.
d) phonemes.
c) syntax.
Edward said to his mother, "The mouse the cat the farmer chased killed at the cheese." After puzzling over this for a bit, Edward's mother said, "Do you mean 'The farmer chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese?'" "Yes," he replied. Edward was having a problem with:
A) semantics.
B) pragmatics.
C) syntax.
D) morphology
C) syntax.
What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our
thoughts can be
expressed?
a) egocentric speech
b) fast
mapping
c) private speech
d) grammar
d) grammar
At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of
grammar most of the time?
a) 5 years
b) 3
years
c) 4 years
d) 6 years
b) 3 years
Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of
“universal grammar” to explain how children learn
their language skills?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c)
Chomsky
d) Bayley
c) Chomsky
The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar
underlying structure was created by ________ and is called
________.
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
b) Chomsky; the
nativist approach
c) Skinner; the learning theory
approach
d) Skinner; language-acquisition theory
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
True or False
Grammar is the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed.
Answer: True
When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules
governing the use of language to communicate in a given social
setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of
a)
pragmatics.
b) syntax.
c) phonemes.
d) metalinguistic awareness
a) pragmatics.
When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation,
stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as “please” and
“thank you,” the child is demonstrating knowledge of
a)
egocentric speech.
b) pragmatics.
c) social speech.
d)
fast mapping.
b) pragmatics.
___________ is the aspect of language relating to communicating
effectively and
appropriately with other.
a) Mapping
b)
Comprehension
c) Dynamics
d) Pragmatics
d) Pragmatics
What is the term for the smallest language unit that has
meaning?
a) morpheme
b) phonology
c) letter
d) symbol
a) morpheme
___________ is a universal phenomenon in which infants spontaneously
produce all of
the sounds from every language.
a) Phonemic
speech
b) Babbling
c) Telegraphic speech
d) Symbolism
b) Babbling
holophrastic speech
b. one word utterances that depend on the particular context in which they are used to determine meaning
Babbling
a) cultural similarities, deaf children can babble too; making speech like but meaningless sounds; can distinguish it from other languages babbling
Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants.
A. Crying, babbling, cooing
B. Crying, cooing, babbling
C. Babbling, crying, cooing
D. Cooing, crying, babbling
B. Crying, cooing, babbling
Kevin loves to say "da, da, da, da" over and over again.
What type of communication is Kevin using?
A. Crying
B. Cooing
C. Babbling
D. Gesturing
C. Babbling
telegraphic speech
c) speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
"Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy
give cookie" are all examples of:
A. holophrases.
B. repetitive speech patterns.
C. telegraphic speech.
D. reflexive speech patterns.
C. telegraphic speech.
underextension
d) words used too restrictively
Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own
Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's
Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as:
A. underextension.
B. telegraphic speech.
C. private speech.
D. overextension.
A. underextension.
fast mapping
c) the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter; by age 6 the average child has vocabulary of around 14,000 words; vocab acquired at rate of nearly one new word every 2 hours, 24 hours a day
Overextension
a) words used too broadly
When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents, she
occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out “see cars,” even
though some of the vehicles are buses and
trucks. This is an
example of _________ speech.
a) overextension
b)
rehearsal
c) holophrases
d) telegraphic
a) overextension
What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing
their meaning?
a) referential style
b) overextension
c)
expressive style
d) telegraphic speech
b) overextension
Two-year-old Max says the word "bunny" for a large hamster
and a white rat. Max's error is known as:
A. telegraphic speech.
B. underextension.
C. aphasia.
D. overextension.
D. overextension.
Overregularization
b) speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
mutual exclusivity principle
d) the assumption that only one label can be applied to each object in early word learning.
the Wug study
a) two _____ they were asked to finish the sentence; “there are two_____” the children knew the rules about plural nouns they also understood possessive forms of nouns and third-person singular and past-tense
social speech
c) before the age 3; speak only for their own entertainment, unaware if anyone else can understand; before preschool years; direct their speech to others, want others to listen, frustrated when they are not understood, adapt their speech to others through pragmatics
What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant
to be understood by that person?
a) social speech
b)
pragmatics
c) syntax
d) private speech
a) social speech
True or False
Social speech is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person.
Answer: True
When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form
is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:
A. mindstream.
B. drawling.
C. lisping.
D. private speech.
D. private speech.
private speech
b) speech that is spoken and directed to oneself; serves to try out ideas, facilitates children’s behavior, serves a social function
True or False
Private speech is the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.
Answer: False
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to
themselves,
this is called
a) egocentric speech.
b)
syntax.
c) fast mapping.
d) private speech.
d) private speech.
metalinguistic awareness
d) one of the most significant developments in middle childhood is children’s increasing understanding of their own use of language
What is the term for an understanding of one’s own use of
language?
a) metamemory
b) comprehension
c)
metalinguistic awareness
d) expressive/receptive communication
c) metalinguistic awareness
Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word “da,” his father
picks him up
with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to
say “dad.” The father’s behavior reinforces Will’s behavior, and this
is an example of
a) the learning theory approach.
b)
universal grammar.
c) the nativist approach.
d)
infant-directed speech.
a) the learning theory approach.
Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of
“universal grammar” to explain how children learn their language
skills?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c) Chomsky
d) Bayley
c) Chomsky
What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate
mechanism
directs language development?
a) the learning
theory approach
b) referential style
c) universal
grammar
d) the nativist approach
d) the nativist approach
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of
thought to
hypothesize that language development is produced
through a combination of genetic
predispositions and
environmental circumstances that help teach language?
a)
universal grammar
b) interactionist approach
c) learning
theory approach
d) language-acquisition device
b) interactionist approach
According to the __________________, language development comes about
through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and
environmental circumstances.
a) environmental hypothesis
b)
behavioral perspective
c) relativity hypothesis
d)
interactionist approach
d) interactionist approach
Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of
“universal
grammar” to explain how children learn their language
skills?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c) Chomsky
d) Bayley
c) Chomsky
The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar
underlying structure was created by ________ and is called
________.
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
b) Chomsky; the
nativist approach
c) Skinner; the learning theory
approach
d) Skinner; language-acquisition theory
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
Language
a)a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky
b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication.
c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax
b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication.
Universal Grammar
a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky
b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication.
c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax
a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky
language species
a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky
b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication.
c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax
c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis and who was an early researcher associated with it?
Language shapes and may even determine the way people of a certain culture perceive and understand the world (Worf 1958
A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is
called _____.
A. dysphagia
B. aphasia
C. autism
D. mutism
B. aphasia
_____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is
involved in speech production.
A. Broca's area
B. Wernicke's area
C. Morton's area
D. SMA area
A. Broca's area
_____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is
involved in the comprehension of speech.
A. Broca's area
B. SMA area
C. Morton's area
D. Wernicke's area
D. Wernicke's area
Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial
thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____.
A. linearity
B. mastery
C. lateralization
D. learning
C. lateralization
Your ability to see faces and patterns with the right hemisphere of the brain and understand language with the left hemisphere is due to _____.
lateralization
Imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the
life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of
time is called the:
A. receptive period.
B. sensitive period.
C. critical period.
D. bonding period.
C. critical period.
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive
development.
A. culture and social interaction
B. biology
C. the unconscious mind
D. genetic makeup
A. culture and social interaction
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
a) universal grammar
b) interactionist perspective
c)
learning theory approach
d) language-acquisition device
b) interactionist perspective
According to Schaie's stages of cognitive development, young adults'
focus shifts from the future to the here-and-now as they enter the
__________ stage.
a) responsible
b)
achieving
c) reintegrative
d)acquisitive
b) achieving
According to the __________________, language development comes about
through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and
environmental circumstances.
a) environmental
hypothesis
b) behavioral perspective
c) relativity
hypothesis
d) interactionist perspective
d) interactionist perspective
Affluent parents spend significantly more time ___________ their
children than do parents who live in poverty.
a)
lecturing
b) interacting with
c) prohibiting
d)
shopping with
b) interacting with
As they grow older, children begin to recall memories in terms of ______________, which are general representations in memory of a sequence or series of events.
a) scripts
b) control strategies
c) metamemories
d) chunks
a) scripts
Bilingual speakers show _______________ than students who speak only
one language.
a) more language confusion and poor grammar
skills
b) greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic
awareness
c) more emotional problems and lack of
self-control
d) greater musical ability and telegraphic understanding
b) greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness
Children's understanding of their own use of language, referred to as
_____________, is one of the most significant developments in middle
childhood.
a) linguistic comprehension
b)
metalinguistic awareness
c) ongoing self-assessment
d)
social pragmatics
b) metalinguistic awareness
Compared with other approaches, the information processing approach
pays more attention to ______________.
a) social and
cultural factors in development
b) drawing a comprehensive
picture of child development
c) the workings of memory,
attention, and other mental activities
d) interior human
processes, such as hopes and aspirations
c) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities
Critics of Piaget note that his theory of cognitive development
overlooks the _________________ systems that are present from early
infancy.
a) intuitive and sequencing
b) motor and
permanence
c) sensory and perceptual
d) memory and conservation
c) sensory and perceptual
In general, researchers believe that, compared to memory processing
in adults, memory processing in young children is
______________.
a) more efficient for short-term, but less
efficient for long-term, memory
b) generally similar
c)
reliant on different components of memory
d) qualitatively different
b) generally similar
In infant-directed speech, parents tend to use twice as many
_____________ with their daughters than with their sons.
a) diminutives
b) simple sentences
c)
prohibitions
d) proper nouns
a) diminutives
In middle childhood, the use of both _________ and _________
increases.
a) gesturing; overextension
b) phonology;
prohibitions
c) telegraphic speech; holophrases
d) passive
voice; conditional sentences
d) passive voice; conditional sentences
In the months spanning their third birthday, the number of ways
children combine words and phrases to form sentences, known as
________, doubles each month.
a) extension
b)
semantics
c) syntax
d) expansion
c) syntax
One-word utterances, called _____________, stand for a whole phrase
and derive their meaning from the context in which they are
used.
a) holophrases
b) morphemes
c)
semantics
d) underextensions
a) holophrases
Research suggests Piaget may have erred in asserting that
preschoolers have little understanding of ___________, as shown by
their inability to grasp conservation and reversibility.
a) the alphabet
b) numbers
c) object
permanence
d) transformation
c) object permanence
Scaffolding involves helping children to __________________
appropriately.
a) think about and frame a task
b)
read passages and answer questions
c) review and correct their
work
d) work with peers in cooperative groups
a) think about and frame a task
The four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, are
____________.
a) sensorimotor, secondary circular,
intuitive thought, and formal operational
b) primary,
assimilation, concrete operational, and egocentric thought
c)
simple reflex, preoperational, symbolic functional, and intuitive
thought
d) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,
and formal operational
d) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
The key difference between information processing and Piagetian
approaches is that information processing approaches focus on
______________.
a) a smaller and less distinct number of
stages
b) lifelong rather than infant development
c)
permanent rather than temporary changes
d) quantitative rather
than qualitative changes
c) permanent rather than temporary changes
The proposition that language shapes and may even determine the ways
people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is
known as the
a) nativist-acquisition hypothesis.
b)
universal-linguistic theory.
c) linguistic-relativity
hypothesis.
d) learning theory approach.
c) linguistic-relativity hypothesis.
Vygotsky refers to the assistance or structuring provided by parents,
teachers, or skilled peers as ____________.
a)
scaffolding
b) modeling
c) nurturing
d) cooperation
a) scaffolding
Vygotsky viewed children as ______________ who learn cognitive
strategies and other skills from adults and peer mentors.
a) blank slates
b) junior scientists
c)
assimilators
d) apprentices
d) apprentices
Vygotsky's theory that children's comprehension of the world flows
from their _________ is increasingly well-supported by research.
a) continual advance in motor skills
b) mental
representations and schemes
c) interactions with adults and
peers
d) concrete operational thinking
c) interactions with adults and peers
Which of the following summarizes the key principle of information
processing theories of development?
a) Cognitive
development in children is linked to distinct stages.
b) The
quality of children's thinking changes significantly and suddenly as
they develop.
c) With age and practice, children's thinking
gradually becomes more sophisticated.
d) Developmental changes in
children are more qualitative than quantitative.
c) With age and practice, children's thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated.
__________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and
sentences.
a) Semantics
b) Extensions
c)
Phonetics
d) Morphemes
a) Semantics
____________ is the process by which material in memory storage is
located, brought into awareness, and used.
a)
Assessment
b) Recall
c) Retrieval
d) Application
c) Retrieval
______________ approaches to cognitive development seek to identify
the way that individuals take in, use, and store information.
a) Information gathering
b) Data collecting
c)
Automatization processing
d) Information processing
d) Information processing
______________ are stimuli, such as words, images, smells, or sounds,
that people use to search and locate information stored in long-term
memory.
a) Retrieval cues
b) Mnemonics
c)
Information chunks
d) Memory modules
a) Retrieval cues
______________ is the ability to allocate attentional resources based
on desired goals.
a) Planning
b) Attention
c)
Control
d) Strategy
a) Planning