Campbell Biology Chapter 49 (powell_h)
1) Although an exact count is not available, it is likely that the
human brain has as many as
A) 10,000 neurons.
B) 500,000
neurons.
C) 1 million neurons.
D) 10 million neurons.
E) 100 billion neurons.
Answer: E
2) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have
A) a complete gut.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) radial
symmetry.
D) a closed circulatory system.
E) excitable membranes.
Answer: C
3) Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the
anterior part of the animal, is apparent in
A) Hydra.
B)
cnidarians.
C) Planaria.
D) sea stars.
E)
invertebrate animals with radial symmetry.
Answer: C
4) An organism that lacks integration centers
A) cannot receive
stimuli.
B) will not have a nervous system.
C) will not be
able to interpret stimuli.
D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons.
Answer: C
5) In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised from the
vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors
on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring
(extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs) are
A) both excited
and contracting.
B) both inhibited and relaxed.
C) excited
and inhibited, respectively.
D) inhibited and excited, respectively.
Answer: C
6) The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human
knee-jerk reflex are located in the
A) gastrocnemius muscle, in
the calf.
B) cartilage of the knee.
C) quadriceps, the
flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs.
D) hamstring,
the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs.
E) brain,
the sensorimotor relay.
Answer: C
7) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.
A)
astrocytesmetabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic
effectiveness
B) oligodendrocytesproduce the myelin sheaths of
myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system
C)
microgliaproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the
central nervous system
D) radial gliathe source of
immunoprotection against pathogens.
E) Schwann cellsprovide
nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons
Answer: A
8) The cerebrospinal fluid is
A) a filtrate of the blood.
B) a secretion of glial cells.
C) a secretion of
interneurons.
D) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells.
E)
secreted by the hypothalamus.
Answer: A
9) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact
A) spinal
cord.
B) hypothalamus.
C) corpus callosum.
D)
cerebellum.
E) medulla.
Answer: A
10) The blood-brain barrier
A) is formed by tight junctions.
B) is formed by oligodendrocytes.
C) tightly regulates the
intracellular environment of the CNS.
D) uses chemical signals
to communicate with the spinal cord.
E) provides support to the
brain tissue.
Answer: A
11) Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray
matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B)
white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal
cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the
spinal cord.
E) all areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Answer: D
12) An amino acid neurotransmitter that operates at inhibitory
synapses in the brain is
A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) endorphin.
D) serotonin.
E) gamma-aminobutyric
acid, GABA.
Answer: E
13) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following
except
A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones
through the brain.
B) a product of the filtration of blood in
the brain.
C) formed from layers of connective tissue.
D)
functioning to cushion the brain.
E) filling cavities in the
brain called ventricles.
Answer: C
14) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or
opposing, actions are
A) motor and sensory systems.
B)
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C) presynaptic and
postsynaptic membranes.
D) forebrain and hindbrain.
E)
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Answer: B
15) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation
of the ________ nervous system.
A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) central
D) visceral
E) parasympathetic
Answer: A
16) Exercise and emergency reactions include
A) increased
activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
B)
increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic branches.
C) decreased activity in the
sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches.
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system.
E)
reduced heart rate and blood pressure.
Answer: B
17) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to
A) decreased heart rate.
B) increased secretion by the
pancreas.
C) increased secretion by the gallbladder.
D)
increased contraction of the stomach.
E) relaxation of the
airways in the lungs.
Answer: E
18) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic
nervous system is associated with
A) resting and digesting.
B) release of epinephrine into the blood.
C) increased
metabolic rate.
D) fight-or-flight responses.
E) intensive
aerobic exercise.
Answer: A
19) In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits
"efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal
segments is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral
nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D)
parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: B
20) Afferent neuronal systems include the
A) sensory systems.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: A
21) Cranial nerves originate in the brain and are thus part of the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous
system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: A
22) The system that modulates excitation and inhibition of smooth and
cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory
systems is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral
nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D)
parasympathetic nervous system.
E) sympathetic nervous system.
Answer: C
23) Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities
associated with increased activity in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) spinal cord.
Answer: C
24) Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in
physiology and behavior reside in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) thalamus.
Answer: B
25) The endogenous nature of biological rhythms is based on the
observations that animals isolated from light and dark cues
A)
continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration.
B)
continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more
rapid, some slower.
C) synchronize activity with whatever
lighting cycle is imposed on them.
D) cease having any rhythms.
E) are independent of any genetic determinants.
Answer: B
26) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean
because
A) they cease breathing while sleeping and remain
underwater.
B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which
is the maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C) they fill
their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface
of the water while they sleep.
D) they move to shallow water to
sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the
surface of the water.
E) they alternate which half of their
brains is asleep and which half is awake.
Answer: E
27) The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many
vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with
structures that process cues about
A) gustation.
B)
olfaction.
C) vision.
D) audition.
E) mechanosensation.
Answer: B
28) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal
A) develops as the neural tube differentiates.
B) develops
from the midbrain.
C) is the brain region most like that of
ancestral vertebrates.
D) gives rise to the cerebrum.
E)
divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
Answer: D
29) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in
the activity of the
A) corpus callosum.
B) medulla
oblongata.
C) thalamus.
D) pituitary.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: B
30) The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are
associated with the
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C)
medulla oblongata.
D) corpus callosum.
E) cerebrum.
Answer: C
31) Which of the following structures are correctly paired?
A)
forebrain and medulla oblongata
B) forebrain and cerebellum
C) midbrain and cerebrum
D) hindbrain and cerebellum
E) brainstem and anterior pituitary gland
Answer: D
32) Hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are
made in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
33) The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by
activity in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C)
thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: B
34) The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of
the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
35) The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory
systems are found in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: E
36) Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of
the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
37) Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian rhythms?
A) sleep cycles
B) hormone release
C) sex drive
D) sleep cycles and hormone release only
E) sleep cycles,
hormone release, and sex drive
Answer: E
38) The motor cortex is part of the
A) cerebrum.
B)
cerebellum.
C) spinal cord.
D) midbrain.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: A
39) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) epithalamus.
D) amygdala.
E) Broca's area.
Answer: B
40) In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large
and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated
cognition because they have
A) a more advanced cerebellum.
B) a cerebellum with several flat layers.
C) a pallium
with neurons clustered into nuclei.
D) microvilli to increase
the brain's surface area.
Answer: C
41) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect
A)
olfaction.
B) vision.
C) speech.
D) memory.
E) hearing.
Answer: C
42) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired
with one of its primary functions?
A) frontal lobedecision
making
B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles
C)
temporal lobevisual processing
D) cerebellumlanguage
comprehension
E) occipital lobespeech production
Answer: A
43) If you were writing an essay, the part of your brain that would
be actively involved in this task is the
A) temporal and frontal
lobes.
B) parietal lobe.
C) Broca's area.
D)
Wernicke's area.
E) occipital lobe.
Answer: A
44) The establishment and expression of emotions involves the
A) frontal lobes and limbic system.
B) frontal lobes and
parietal lobes.
C) parietal lobes and limbic system.
D)
frontal and occipital lobes.
E) occipital lobes and limbic system.
Answer: A
45) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by
discoveries involving
A) the degree of convolutions in the
brain's surface.
B) the evolution of the telencephalon.
C)
the sequence of developmental specialization.
D) the chemicals
involved in brain communications.
E) the nature of the
blood-brain barrier.
Answer: D
46) Wernicke's area
A) is active when speech is heard and
comprehended.
B) is active during the generation of speech.
C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation.
D) is
active when you are reading silently.
E) is found on the left
side of the brain.
Answer: A
47) Failure of an embryonic neuron to establish a synaptic connection
to another cell
A) converts that neuron to an ependymal cell.
B) causes the neuron to migrate to another part of the brain.
C) converts that neuron to a glial cell.
D) leads to
Alzheimer's disease.
E) results in the apoptosis of that neuron.
Answer: E
48) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes
in the
A) brainstem.
B) medulla.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) cranial nerves.
Answer: D
49) Learning a new language during adulthood alters activity in the
brain's language processing locations by
A) altering synaptic
effectiveness in these locations.
B) increasing the rate of
mitosis in these locations.
C) inhibiting synapses that work in
the previously learned language.
D) causing established neurons
to produce different neurotransmitter molecules.
E) forming
electrical synapses between cells.
Answer: A
50) Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after
damage to the
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C)
hippocampus.
D) somatosensory cortex.
E) primary motor cortex.
Answer: C
51) Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that researchers
suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter
A)
dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) norepinephrine.
D)
nitric oxide.
E) ethanol.
Answer: A
52) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A)
schizophrenia results in hallucinations.
B) schizophrenia
results in both manic and depressive states.
C) schizophrenia
results in decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar disorder involves both
genes and environment.
E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.
Answer: A
Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help
answer the next question
53) In the figure, which letter points to the amygdala?
A)
A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help
answer the next question
54) In the figure, which letter points to the thalamus?
A)
A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help
answer the next question
55) In the figure, which letter points to the olfactory bulb?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: C
Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help
answer the next question
56) In the figure, which letter points to the hippocampus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: E
Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help
answer the next question
57) In the figure, which letter points to the hypothalamus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: B
58) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This
could be described as a state with
A) increased activity in the
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
B)
decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
nervous systems.
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic
nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and
enteric nervous systems.
D) increased activity in the
sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
E) increased
activity in the sympathetic nervous system, decreased activity in the
parasympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the enteric
nervous system.
Answer: C
59) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe,
or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would
A) lose the
ability to reason.
B) lose all short-term memory.
C) have
greatly altered emotional responses.
D) lose all long-term
memory.
E) lose their sense of balance.
Answer: C
60) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is
present in the
A) basal nuclei.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) brainstem.
D) limbic system.
E) spinal cord.
Answer: C
61) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly
paired with its function?
A) limbic systemmotor control of
speech
B) medulla oblongatahomeostatic control
C)
cerebellumcoordination of movement and balance
D) corpus
callosumcommunication between the left and right cerebral cortices
E) amygdalaemotional memory
Answer: A
62) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty
A)
coordinating limb movement.
B) generating speech.
C)
recognizing faces.
D) understanding language.
E)
experiencing emotion.
Answer: D
63) The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following
except
A) short-term memory.
B) long-term memory.
C)
circadian rhythm.
D) foot-tapping rhythm.
E) breath holding.
Answer: C
64) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in
front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of
vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty
judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely
damaged by the stroke?
A) the left frontal lobe
B) the
right frontal lobe
C) the left parietal lobe
D) the right
parietal lobe
E) the corpus callosum
Answer: D
65) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt
A) short-term memory.
B) coordination during locomotion.
C) executive functions, such as decision making.
D)
sorting of sensory information.
E) regulation of body temperature.
Answer: E