Makes use of the fact that certain viruses will cause agglutination of red blood cells.

Hemagglutination inhibition test

pg. 517

The absence of complement is indicated by hemolysis.

Complement-fixation test

A precipitation-type test in which wells are cut into the agar on a Petri dish.

Immunodiffusion test

pg. 515

Soluble antigens are detected by binding them to small latex particles, for example, & causing their agglutination.

Indirect agglutination test

pg. 516

The ELISA used to screen for AIDS antibodies in serum.

Indirect ELISA

Often used as a confirmatiory test for HIV infection.

Western blotting

pg. 521 *most common

Subunit vaccine using genetically engineered organisms to produce it.

Recombinant vaccine

pg. 508

Unwanted components are removed from a whole-cell vaccine.

Acellular vaccine

An inactivated toxin.

Toxoid

pg. 508

"Naked" DNA or RNA injected into muscle.

Nucleic-acid vaccine

pg. 508

Chemical additive that improves effectiveness of a vaccine.

Adjuvant

pg.511

The probability that a positive diagnostic test will not be reactive if a specimen is true negative.

Specificity

pg. 512

The probability that a diagnostic test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive.

Sensitivity

pg. 512

A monoclonal antibody combined w/a toxin & programmed to react w/a cancer cell.

Conjugated Mab

A monoclonal antibody in which the variable regions are from mouse cells & the constant regions are from human sources.

Chimeric Mab
pg. 514

An antibody-producing plasma cell fused w/a cancerous cell.

Hybridoma

pg.512

Before the invention of modern vaccines, material from smallpox scabs was inoculated into the bloodstream to give immunity to the disease; this was called ____________.

variolation

The measure of the concentration of antibody in serum is called ________.

titer

Fluorescein-labeled antihuman gamma globulin would be used in the __________ fluorescent antibody test.

indirect

A vaccine using a living, weakened organism is called _________.

attinuated

For diagnostic purposes, a rise in _______ during the course of a disease is very significant.

titer

A disease can be controlled if most, but not all, of the population is immune; this is called _______ immunity.

herd

Polysaccharide vaccines can be enhanced in effectiveness by adding toxoids such as diptheria; these are so-called ________ vaccines.

conjugate

Hypersensitivity.

Allergy

Hypersensitivity specifically involving the interaction of humoral antibodies of the IgE class w/mast cells.

Anaphylaxis

A skin graft from a brother or sister.

Allograft

The heart of a baboon transplanted to a human.

Xenotransplantation product

A term used for an antigen causing hypersensitivity reactions.

Allergen

A skin graft transferred from the thigh to the nose of the same person.

Autograft

A drug used for transplantation surgery.

Cyclosporine

A drug that suppresses cell-mediated immunity.

Cyclosporine

The reason why transplantation of a cornea is usually successful.

Privileged site

The mediator of a type 1 reaction that affects the blood capillaries & results in swelling & reddening.

Histamine

The development of blocking antibodies by reapeated exposure to small doses of the antigen.

Desensitization

The naturally learned ability of the body not to respond immunologically against its own antigens.

Immunological tolerance

Destruction of a transplant-especially a xenograft-by antibodies & complement, usually within hours.

Hyperacute rejection

Inhibition of the immune response by drugs, radiation & so on.

Immunosuppression

The treatment of cancer of other disease conditions by using monoclonal antibodies with which toxic compounds have been combined.

Immunotherapy

A mediator released from an antigen-triggered mast cell.

Leukotrienes

Sirolimus

Drug used for immuno-suppression

The destruction of Rh+ RBC's by antibodies of maternal orgin in a newborn infant; the antibodies are derived from the mother.

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Individuals in whom ABO antigens are present in body fluids such as saliva & semen.

Secretors

Hematopoietic.

Blood-forming

Tuberculin test.

Type IV(cell-mediated) reaction

Asthma.

Type I(anaphylaxis reaction

Glomerulonephritis.

Type III (immune complex) reaction

Poison ivy dermatitis.

Type IV (cell-mediated) reaction

Graves' disease.

Type II (cytotoxic) reaction

Reaction to an insect sting.

Type I (anaphylaxis) reaction

Persistent lymphadenopathy.

Phase 1

Full-blown AIDS.

Phase 3

Autoimmune condition in which antibodies coat the receptor sites at which nerve impulses reach the muscles.

Myasthenia gravis

An immune reaction against the thyroid gland receptor sites that causes excessive production of thyroid hormones.

Graves' disease

Immune response against M protein of streptococci causes damage to kidneys.

Glomerulonephritis

Antibodies formed against the body's own DNA; damage to kidney glomeruli is the most damaging factor in the disease.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

T cells destroy the thyroid gland.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

T cells attack the myelin sheath of the nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis

Isolated from earliest stage of an embryo.

Embryonic stem cells

Progenitors of blood & lymphatic cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells

Genitically reprogrammed adult stem cells.

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria stimulate macrophages to produce the cancer-inhibiting ________ factor.

Tumor necrosis

The type of anaphylaxis that develops rapidly after an antigen is presented to a sensitized host, & that may result in life-threatening shock, is _______ anaphylaxis.

systemic

In the ABO system, absence of antigens makes a person blood type _____.

O

A graft between identical twins is a(n) ________.

isograph

MHC stands for ________.

Major histocompatibility complex

HLA stans for _________.

Human leukocyte antigens

One result of immunosuppression could be development of graft ______disease.

Versus host

The treatment for systemic anaphylaxis is to administer an injection of ____________ promptly.

epineferin

Destruction of some clones of lymphocytes having the potential to respond to self-antigens during fetal life is call _____________.

Clonal deletion

The cornea does not usually reject transplants; it is an example of a(n)___________ site

privledged

Pig heart valves are not antigenic & are an example of ____________ tissue.

privledged

About 85% of the population is Rh _________.

positive

Immune-caused destruction of WBC's is called

agranulocytosis

Supply the missing word: highly active _____ therapy.

antiretroviral