Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
HEMATOCRIT VALUE FOR HEALTHY MALE LIVING AT SEA LEVEL IN BOSTON. HEMATOCRIT VALUE FOR HEALTHY FEMALE LIVING AT SEA LEVEL IN BOSTON.

MALE= 48
FEMALE= 44
BOTH ARE WITHIN NORMAL RANGE.

Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MALE AND THE FEMALE HEMATOCRIT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL LIVING IN BOSTON.

THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT THE MALE HAD A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT VALUE THAN THE FEMALE. BATH ARE WITHIN NORMAL RANGE, BUT NORMALLY A MALE WILL HAVE HIGHER HEMATOCRIT LEVELS.

Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
HEMATOCRIT VALUE FOR HEALTHY MALE LIVING IN DENVER. HEMATOCRIT VALUE FOR HEALTHY FEMALE LIVING IN DENVER.

MALE = 55
FEMALE = 53

Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
HOW WOULD THE VALUES OF DENVER DIFFER FROM BOSTON.

THERE BOTH WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, BUT BOTH ARE INCREASED (ELEVATED) COMPARED TO THE MALE AND THE FEMALE FROM BOSTON.

Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF LIVING AT HIGH ELEVATIONS ON A PERSONS HEMATOCRIT.

THE EFFECT WOULD BE THAT A OERSON CAN GET POLYCYTHEMIA WITH IS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN RED BLOOD CELLS.

DESCRIBE HOW THE KIDNEYS RESPOND TO A DECREASE IN OXYGEN AND WHAT EFFECT THIS HAS ON HEMATOCRIT.

IN RESPONSE TO DECREASED BLOOD OXYGEN, THE KIDNEYS RELEASE ERYTHROPOIETIN INTO BLOODSTREAM. INCREASED ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATES RBC PRODUCTION IN RED BONE MARROW, THIS PROCESS INCREASES BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS, RESTORING HOMEOSTASIS. WHICH WILL INCREASE HEMOTOCRIT.

HEMATOCRIT VELUE FOR MALE WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA. % WBC FOR MALE WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA. WHERE THE VALUES WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE? WHY OR WHY NOT?

HEMATOCRIT VALUE = 19
% WBC = 0.5%
NO, THE VALUES WERE WAY BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE. BECAUSE THE PERSON HAS APLASTIC ANEMIA WHERE THE BONE MARROW FAILS TO PRODUCE ADEQUATE BLOOD CELLS. SINCE THERE IS LESS BLOOD CELLS THE HEMATOCRIT AND % OF WBCs ARE DECREASED.

HEMATOCRIT FOR FEMALE WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA. WAS THE VALUE NORMAL OR NOT? EXPLAIN.

HEMATOCRIT = 32
IT WAS BELOW NORMAL. BECAUSE THE FEMALE HAS IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA. IF ADEQUATE IRON IS NOT AVAILABLE, THE BODY CONNOT MANUFACTURE HEMOGLOBIN.

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DESCRIBE THE EFFECT THAT SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HAS ON THE SEDIMENTATION RATE.

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HAS NO EFFECT ON THE SEDIMENTATION RATE. NO CHANGE, ESR= 0 MM/HR

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HAS NO EFFECT ON THE SEDIMENTATION RATE.

WHY DO YOU THINK THAT IT HAS THIS EFFECT? HINT: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA ALTERS THE SHAPE OF RED BLOOD CELLS.

BECAUSE THE RBCs ARE DEFORMED AND BECAUSE OF PROTEINS IN THEM. THEY CLUMP TOGETHER AND BIND TO EACH OTHER, RATHER THAN FALLING TO THE BOTTOM OF TUBE. WITHIN A HOUR THE TEST MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF RBC'S THAT FALL TO THE BOTTOM. WITH SICKEL CELL ANEMIA NONE FALL SO THE ESR = 0.

RECORD THE SEDIMENTATION RATE FOR A MENSTRUATING FEMALE. HOW DID THIS VALUE COMPARE TO THE HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL? WHY?

ESR = 15 mm/hr
ITS ELEVATED COMPARED TO A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL (5 mm/hr)

WHAT WAS THE SEDIMENTATION RATE FOR THE IRON-DEFICIENT INDIVIDUAL? WHAT EFFECT DOES IRON DEFICIENCY HAVE ON ESR?

ESR = 30 mm/hr
THE ESR IS ELEVATED IN IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA. PROBABLY BECAUSE IT LACKS THE IRON/PROTEINS THAT A REGULAR RBC WOULD CARRY, AND SINCE THE AMOUNT IS LESS IT MAKES THEM LIGHTER AND SETTLE SLOWER.

ESR FOR PERSON SUFFERING FROM A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. ESR FOR PERSON SUFFERING FROM ANGINA PECTORIS. COMPARE THE VALUES, AND EXPLAIN HOW THEY MIGHT BE USED TO MONITOR HEART CONDITIONS.

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION = 40 mm/hr
ANGINA PECTORIS = 5 mm/hr
THE PERSON WITH THE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IS EXTREMELY ELEVATED COMPARED TO THE PERSON WITH THE ANGINA PECTORIS. THE HIGHER THE SEVERITY OF THE HEART CONDITION THE HIGHER THE ESR NUMBER WILL BE.

LIST SOME OTHER CONDITIONS THAT ESR IS USED TO MONITOR.

USEFUL IN SCREENING A FEMALE PATIENT WITH SEVERE ABDOMINAL PAINS BECAUSE ESR IS NOT ELEVATED WITHIN THE FIRST 24 HOURS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS BUT IS ELEVATED IN EARLY STAGE OF ACUTE PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID) OR A RUPTURED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY.

DESCRIBE THE RATIO OF PACKED CELL VOLUME TO Hb (HEMOGLOBIN) OBTAINED FOR THE HEALTHY MALE AND FEMALE SUBJECTS.

THE RATIO OF PCV TO Hb IN A HEALTHY MALE IS 3, AND IN A HEALTHY FEMALE WAS 3.1428571

DESCRIBE THE RATIO OF PACKED CELL VOLUME TO HB (HEMOGLOBIN) FOR THE FEMALE WITH IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA.

RATIO OF PCV TO HB = 5

IS THE FEMALE WITH IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA DEFICIENT IN HEMOGLOBIN?

YES, IT IS BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE

IS THE MALE WITH POLYCYTHEMIA DEFICIENT IN HEMOGLOBIN?

NO, IT WAS ABOVE NORMAL RANGE.

IS THE FEMALE OLYMPIC ATHLETE DEFICIENT IN HEMOGLOBIN?

NO, IT WAS ABOVE NORMAL RANGE.

LIST CONDITIONS IN WHICH Hb WOULD DECREASE.

ANEMIA, HYPERTHYROIDISM, CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER, RENAL DISEASE, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE.

LIST CONDITIONS IN WHICH Hb WOULD INCREASE.

POLYCYTHEMIA, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), ALSO INCREASE AT HIGH ALTITUDES.

BLOOD TYPING:
WHICH BLOOD SAMPLE CONTAINED THE RAREST BLOOD TYPE?

BLOOD SAMPLE 4

BLOOD TYPING:
WHICH BLOOD SAMPLE CONTAINED THE UNIVERSAL DONOR?

BLOOD SAMPLE 4

BLOOD TYPING:
WHICH BLOOD SAMPLE CONTAINED THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT?

BLOOD SAMPLE 5

BLOOD TYPING:
WHICH BLOOD SAMPLE DID NOT COAGULATE WITH ANY OF THE ANTIBODIES TESTED? WHY?

BLOOD SAMPLE 4; THEY HAVE NO ABO SURFACE ANTIGENS, DONT REACT WITH THE ANTI-A OR ANTI-B ANTIGENS.

BLOOD TYPING:
WHAT ANTIBODIES WOULD BE FOUND IN THE PLASMA OF BLOOD SAMPLE 1?

ANTI-B ANTIBODY

BLOOD TYPING:
WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS TRANSFUSED WITH BLOOD THAT IS COMPATIBLE BUT NOT THE SAME TYPE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO SEPERATE PACKED CELLS FROM THE PLASMA AND ADMINISTER ONLY THE PACKED CELLS. WHY DO THINK THIS IS DONE?

INDIVIDUALS NEED ONLY THE RBCs NOT THE VOLUME OF A UNIT OF WHOLE BLOOD, AND MOST IMPORTANT ITS THE PLASMA THAT CONTAINS THE ANTIBODIES THAT REACT WITH A PERSONS RBC.

LIST WHICH BLOOD SAMPLE IN THIS EXPERIMENT REPRESENT PEOPLE WHO COULD DONATE BLOOD TO A PERSON WITH TYPE B?

BLOOD SAMPLES 2, 4 AND 6 ARE PEOPLE WHO COULD DONATE BLOOD TO A PERSON WITH TYPE B.

BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:
WHICH PATIENT HAD DESIRABLE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS?

PATIENT 1 AND 3

BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:
WHICH PATIENT(S) HAD AN ELEVATED CHOLESTEROL LEVEL? DESCRIBE THE RISKS FOR THE PATIENT.

PATIENT 2; HAS A INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:
WHICH ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE PATIENT 4? WHY?

TO START TRYING TO LOWER THEIR CHOLESTEROL LEVELS BEFORE THEY BECOME SICK AND START TO DEVELOP DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THAT CAN CAUSE STROKES OR HEAERT ATTACKS.

BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:
DESCRIBE SOME REASONS WHY A PATIENT MIGHT HAVE ABNORMALLY LOW BLOOD CHOLESTEROL.

ABNORMALLY LOW BLOOD CHOLESTEROL CAN INDICATE HYPERTHYROIDISM, LIVER DISEASE, INADEQUATE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS FROM THE INTESTINE, OR MALNUTRITION.